Linguistics ==> 12/12/2024

Fricatives: {s, z, f, v, ʃ, ʒ, x, ɣ, θ, ð, ɦ, h}

* Fricatives are achieved by bringing two articulators in close approximation with one another leaving a narrow gap through which are can escape. As a result, a friction noise is generated.

Fricatives involve partial obstruction or constriction.

Fricatives are associated with close approximation, whereas approximants are associated with open approximation.

Zawawi

Approximants are the type of sounds that are achieved by bringing two articulators in approximation with one another, but not close enough to generate friction.

Approximants ==> Open approximation

Zawawi

Approximant is a sound in speech where the tongue or lips come close to each other but not close enough to create a turbulent airflow.

It is similar to vowels but classified as a constant.

Example:

/i/ light

/r/ red

/w/ water

/j/ yes

Malak Zeid

An approximant is a speech sound where the articulators come close but don’t block airflow or create friction. Examples include [l] in “light,” [r] in “red,” [w] in “we,” and [j] in “yes.” They are smooth like vowels but work as consonants

Hanan Hussain .

The speech organs come close together (approximate) but don’t create a complete blockage or strong friction. The airflow is smooth.

Example:

/r/ in "red" (the airflow is relatively free).

Noor

Approximant: a speech sound that is formed by the passage of air between two articulators (such as the lips or tongue) which are close but not touching and that is usually classified as a consonant.

Shaimaa Ramadan

Approximants are speech sounds produced by narrowing the vocal tract without creating friction. They include sounds like

r / red

I / light

W / water

j/ yes

Layan

Approximant: a speech sound that is formed by the passage of air between two articulators (such as the lips or tongue) which are close but not touching and that is usually classified as a consonant

The sounds /w/, /l/, and /r/ are examples of approximants in English.

Approximants : are speech sounds produced by a slight narrowing of the vocal tract at a specific point without causing friction or a complete closure.

Aseel

 Approximant : a speech sound that is formed by the passage of air between two articulators (such as the lips or tongue) which are close but not touching and that is usually classified as a consonant.

Lama

Approximant: consonant sound in which air is able to flow almost completely freely: The sounds /w/, /l/, and /r/ are examples of it

Shaimaa Ramadan

Approximants are speech sounds produced by narrowing the vocal tract without creating friction. They include sounds like /l/, /r/, /j/, and /w/.

Raghad

approximants: a speech sound that is formed by the passage of air between two articulators (such as the lips or tongue) which are close but not touching.

An approximate sound is a sound that is close to, but not exactly, the intended sound.

Ibtisam

The speech organs come close together (approximate) but don’t create a complete blockage or strong friction. The airflow is smooth.

• Example:

• /w/ in “water” (the airflow is relatively free).

Maya

Approximants: {w, r, j, l}

Zawawi

Affricates ==> {tʃ, dʒ}

They are stops that are released into fricatives.

When you produce the /tʃ/ sound, your mouth assumes a position necessary for the production of the voiceless alveolar stop /t/, and then it is released as a fricative /ʃ/.

Zawawi

Nasals: {m, n, ŋ}

Air leaves the body through the nose.

The velum has a very important linguistic function. If the velum is raised, the nasal cavity is blocked, and air can escape through the mouth ==> Oral sounds.

If the velum is lowered, the oral cavity is blocked, and air can escape through the nose allowing us to produce nasal sounds.

Oral sounds are associated with a raised velum

Nasal sounds are associated with a lowered velum.

Zawawi

Stops (Plosives): {p, b, t, d, k, g, ʔ}

The reason why stops are given this name is because their production involves complete stoppage to the flow of air.

a. Closure: blocking the flow of air by bringing two articulators in full contact with one another, trapping air behind the point of contact.

b. Holding: The closure is maintained, and air is trapped behind the point of contact, creating pressure.

c. Release: As a result, one of the articulators leaves the other allowing air to flow.

Plosives: because their sudden release causes an explosion-like noise.

Zawawi

According to manner of articulation, consonants are classified into 5 groups:

1. Stops

2. Nasals

3. Fricatives

4. Affricates

5. Approximants

Zawawi

Manner of articulation is one way of describing and classifying consonants by looking at airflow. In other words, manner of articulation records the type of constriction or obstruction that is invovled in the production of every single consonant.

- Constriction ==> narrowing, partial closure.

- Obstruction ==> Full closure

Zawawi

1. Classify consonants according to the second parameter, i.e. manner of articulation.

2. Talk a little about the material of your mid-term exam and answer any of your questions.

Zawawi