1. /h/ /ɦ/ ==> glottal fricatives
/h/ ==> Voiceless glottal fricative because it occurs word initially as in house, hair.
/ɦ/ ==> Voiced glottal fricative
such as ahead.
2. /r/ board
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Received pronunciation
1. If /r/ is followed by a vowel, it is pronounced ==> brain
2. If /r/ is followed by a consonant, then it is silent ==> board
3. If /r/ occurs word initially, it is pronounced ==> Rain
4. If /r/ occurs word finally, then it is silent ==> teacher.
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Yellow: A voiced palatal approximant sound /j/
Jump ==> A voiced postalveolar affricate /dʒ/
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Question, quiz, quality, quantity, queer, cat, quantification, kite, kiss
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Queen ==> /k/ is a voiceless velar stop
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* Double letters are counted as one sound
Illegal
Hello
Rabbit
Arrange
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Approximants ==>
a. Liquids ==> {l, r}
b. Glides ==> {w, j}
Slowly ==> /s/, /l/, /l/
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Manner of articulation
1. Stops ==> {t, d, k, g, b, p, ʔ}
2. Nasals ==> {m, n, ŋ}
3. Fricatives ==> {s, z, f, v, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ, x, ɣ, h, ɦ}
close approximation, narrow gap, friction.
4. Affricate ==> {tʃ, dʒ} Affricates are stops that are released into fricatives
5. Approximants ==> {w, l, r, j} ==> Open approximation.
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(1) Descriptive Grammar: Linguists
If a sentence is produced by ordinary native speakers, then there is nothing wrong about its grammar.
A linguist observes and analyzes how language is used.
- It don't work.
Prescriptive Grammar: Teachers ==> they will refer to it as wrong/bad grammar.
They will tell you how language is ought to be used.
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Velar: are the type of sounds whose production involves an articulatory movement where you raise the back of the tongue towards the soft palate/velum.
{k, g, x, ŋ}
ŋ ==> a. preceding a /k/ ==> pink, tank, thank, think, monk, bank.
b. preceding a /g/ ==> sing, strong, ping, ring, ringing, king.
/g/ ==> gap, bag, baggage, eggs
/x/ ==> Loch
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Uvular: /ɣ/ it is produced at the uvula ==> a voiced uvular fricative.
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