Derivational morphemes can occur as prefix AND as suffixes.
There are a lot of derivational morphemes in English
They can change two things
(1) the lexical meaning of a word.
(2) the grammatical category of a word.
For example
Industry ==> industrial
industrialize
(3) if a word has an inflectional suffix, then the derivational suffix will appear BEFORE the inflectional suffix.
friend +ship+ s
+ one derivational suffix
+ one inflectional suffix
The derivational suffix PRECEDES the inflectional suffix.
Can inflectional morphemes change the grammatical category of a word? NOOOO
Even inflectional comparative 'er' is added to an adjective
Big ==> bigger
Can inflectional morphemes change the lexical meaning of a word? NOOOOOO
Inflectional morphemes can change the grammatical meaning of a word, but not the lexical meaning.
Zawawi
1. Language teachers appreciate attentive STUDENTS.
2. MOHAMMAD'S favourite book is on aliens.
3. Samer GOES to the market every day.
4. Ahmed LIMITED the amount of time he spends on the internet.
5. My friend had DECIEDED on the gift before he knew my graduation day.
6. Very few students are PAYING attention to this lesson.
7. Girls are SMARTER than boys
8. Salma is the SMARTEST in her classroom.
Zawawi
Bound morphemes are classified into two major types:
a. Derivational morphemes
b. Inflectional morphemes
Inflectional morphemes are fixed in English and limited in number. They signify a grammatical meaning and they ALWAYS occur after the root. They add a grammatical meaning to a word.
1. Plural 's'
2. Possessive 's'
3. Third person 's'
4. Past simple 'ed'
5. Participle 'en' 'ed'
6. Progressive ING
7. Comparative 'er'
8. Superlative 'est'
Zawawi
Bound morphemes can be divided into prefixes, suffixes, and infixes
elements that are attached before the root (free morpheme)
Unloving
Un is a prefix because it occurs BEFORE the root.
LOVE ==> Free morpheme (ROOT)
ING ==> Suffix ==> because it occurred after the root.
Infixes: absolutely
abso-freaking-luely
Zawawi
Free morphemes can divided into two categories.
a. OPEN class words: Nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs contentful
They accept new members
Marriage, beauty, fantastic, lovely, quickly, man, moon, Spanish, School, tomatoes, study, travel
b. CLOSED class words: function words ==> prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, articles, etc.
in, at, for, however, and, but, is, an, a, the
Zawawi
Is every morpheme a word? Is every word a morpheme?
Unloving ==> one word
The sun is shining
Ice cream ==> one
Passion fruit ==> One word
Unloving ==> LOVE, UN, ING
A morpheme can be a word like love, but it is not always a word.
We can something like: I LOVE you
I ing you
I un you
Every word is a morpheme, but not every morpheme is a word.
Zawawi
In morphology, we have to study morphemes
In phonetics, we have to study phonemes
A phoneme is the smallest unit in language that can cause a change in meaning.
's', 'b'
Sat, bat
A morpheme: is the smallest MEANINGFUL unit in language.
Either it has lexical meaning
or functional (Grammatical meaning).
Table
The ==> grammatical meaning.
Zawawi
In phonetics, language is made out of sounds.
From a morphological point of view, language is made out of words.
In phonetics, the focus is on describing and identifying individual sounds.
In morphology, the focus is on describing the structure/shape of individual words.
How can put elements together to make words? How can we make words bigger.
Zawawi
