Phonology ==> 9/10/2024

1. Contrastive distribution (parallel distribution) is when two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment or a similar one and there is a change in meaning. We call these sounds phonemes. E.g. Link and pink.

2. Free variation is when two sounds occur in exactly the same phonetic environment as one another. It does not cause a change in meaning. We call these sounds free variants, and they occur on the basis of dialect, education, and prestige. E.g. ئال قال كال

3. Complementary distribution is when two sounds occur in two separate phonetic environments. The sounds are used by speakers interchangeably and inconsistently without causing a change in meaning. We call these sounds allophones.

E.g. Milk and Lake (dark /l/ and clear /l/).

1. Contrastive distribution (parallel distribution) is when two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment or a similar one and there is a change in meaning. We call these sounds phonemes. E.g. Link and pink.

2. Free variation is when two sounds occur in exactly the same phonetic environment as one another. The two sounds are used by speakers interchangeably and inconsistently without causing a change in meaning. We call these sounds free variants, and they occur on the basis of dialect, education, and prestige. E.g. ئال قال كال

3. Complementary distribution is when two sounds occur in two separate phonetic environments without causing a change in meaning. We call these sounds allophones.

E.g. Milk and Lake (dark /l/ and clear /l/).

Lian

Contrastive distribution

Two sounds are in contrastive distribution when they can both appear in the same phonetics environment.

Sounds that change the meaning of words in a minimal pair are in contrastive meaning.

Because they contrast with each other .

Example: bit or pit

Free variation

When two sounds appear in the same environment but don't make a difference in meaning.

 [s] and [Z] are separate phonemes (when their distribution is contrastive, are allophones of one phoneme (when their distribution is complementary) [zilap ] has the same meaning as [ silap], also [znud], [snud].

Complimentary Dictrbution

They appear in different environments

[ph] and [p] are in complementary distribution which means they are allophones of the same phoneme).

Contrastive Distribution: When two sounds occur in the same environment and change the word's meaning. fat, cat.

Free Variation: Two sounds can occur in the same environment without causing any change in meaning:

Example: /s/ and /z/ in silap vs. zilap which illustrates free variants.

Complementary Distribution: When two sounds never appear in the same environment and are allophones of the same phoneme without changing the meaning. For example, the dark [l] in milk and the clear [l] in light which are allophones of the same phoneme (/l/ sound)

Rasha Nedal

1- Contrastive distribution: two sounds that occur in the same phonetic environment and change the meaning of the word.

for example, /z/ and /s/ if we change a word that had a /p/ sound it the meaning will change e.g. zip & sip.

2-Free variation: when two sounds occur in the same environment without a change in the meaning.

for example, the word( stop) ends with an aspirated /p/ or an unaspirated /p/ however, the meaning remains the same.

3- Complementary distribution: when two sounds never occur in the same environment but are allophones of the same phoneme.

for example, in English [p][aspirated) occurs at the beginning of words e.g. pin

while [p] (unaspirated) occurs after (s) e.g. spin but never occur in the same context.

batool

1 Contrastive distribution: is associated with phonemes, occurs when two sounds appear in the same phonetic environment and cause a change in meaning when switched.

park-bark

2 Free variation: when two sounds occur in the same phonetical environment without change in meaning.

cat could be pronounced as an aspirated t or cat where t is inspirated

3 Complementary distribution: associated with allophones and occurs when two sounds never appear in the same environment and

ball the L here is dark at the end of the word

light the L here is light at the beginning of the word

Abdullah Qasem

1. Contrastive distribution: when two sounds appear in the same environment and they cause a change in meaning pat vs. bat

2. Free variation: Refers to two sounds occurring in the same environment without changing the meaning. This is controlled by dialect, education and prestige (قال ، كال )

3. Complementary distribution: when two sounds never appear in the same environment as one another, and are allophones of the same phoneme and they don't cause a change in meaning lip, pill

Mira

1- contrastive distribution: when two sounds occur in same phonetic environment and they cause a change in meaning

Ex. Pat. Bat. / Cat. Fat so we consider them different phonemes

2- free variation:when two sounds can occur in the same phonetic environment without changing in meaning

Ex. قلم كلم

3- complementary distribution: when two sounds never occur in the same phonetic environment and we consider them allophones

Ex. rounded s. unrounded s

     Soup. Seem

Zaina Fahed

1- Contrastive Distribution:

Two sounds replaced one with another which caused changes in the meaning

Pat -bat

bad- bat

2 -Free Variation:

When two sounds can occur in the same environment without changing the meaning of the word

stop can end with aspirated [p] or unaspirated [p],

3.Complementary Distribution:

When two sounds never occur in the same environment and and are allophones of the same phoneme. One sound occurs in a specific environment, and the other occurs in a different one.

[l] clear l and [ł] dark l

Laila

Contrastive distribution: It two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, appearing in the same positions then they likely to be to separated phonemes. For example, pat, bat.

Free variations: it refers to two sounds which we can substitute one the other interchangeably without changing the meaning, then they're likely to be two allophones of the same phoneme. For example, the /t/ in water whether it's pronounced [t] or [d], depending on the phonetic environment and the identify of the speaker (dialects).

Complementary distribution: refers to two sounds which occur in different phonetic environment leading to likely be allophones of the same phoneme. For example, the n sound in tenth and tent,

Lujain Shtaiwi

1-Complementary distribution: This term is related to allophones, and it shows that allophones don't occur in the same phonetic environment and don't cause a change in meaning.

Ex: [l]: Milk/ lip.

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2- Contrastive distribution: This term is related to phonemes, and it shows that phonemes usually occur in the same phonetic environments, and cause a change in meanings.

Ex: the minimal pair: fat and bat.

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3- Free variation: Is when we have 2 sounds that speakers can use interchangeably and inconsistently in the same position without causing a change in meaning.

Ex: In Arabic: شذا, شزا

Nemah

1. Contrastive distribution: occur in the same phonological environment and cause a change in meaning. Example: pat/ bat

2. Free variation: when two sounds can appear in the same position without changing the meaning. Example: cat. They can pronounce the t as a fully released sound or unreleased sound like a cut off ( without releasing air). And it can be influenced by prestige and education.

3. Complementary distribution: two or more realizations of the same sound. They don’t cause a change in meaning. Example: clear l and dark l

Lip and milk

They never occur in the same phonological environment

Alma

1-two sounds can occur in the same environment and their occurrence changes the meaning of the word. e.g. /p/ and /b/ in pin and bin.

2- two sounds has different pronunciations of the same phoneme with no change in meaning. e.g. The word "either" can be pronounced as /ˈaɪðər/ or /ˈiːðər/.

3- different realizations of the same phoneme, when two sounds are in complementary distribution they never occur in the same environment. e.g. the plural /s/ and /z/ /s/ occurs after voiceless consonants (e.g. cats), while /z/ occurs after voiced consonants (e.g. dogs).

Luna

Complementary Distribution occurs when two sounds appear in the same environment, but they give different meaning when used in a word. We call them separate phonemes like pat and bat.

Free variation happens when two sounds appear in the same environment without changing the meaning of the word. For example, the final sounds of "stop" may be pronounced as an unreleased [p̚] or a slightly released [p] depending on the speaker's dialect.

In complementary distribution, two sounds never appear in the same phonetic environment but are allophones of the same phoneme. These sounds complement each other, meaning one occurs where the other does not. For instance, in English, the aspirated [p] in "pat" and the unaspirated [p] in "spat" are in complementary distribution

Shahd

1- constrastive distribution: is when 2 sound (phonemes) can occure in the same phonetic environment. They change the meaning like table and label

The [l] and [t] phonemes.

2-Free variation: when two allophones can occur in the same environment without changing the meaning of the word. For example, the word “economics” some people might pronounce either with [e] or [i].

Complementary distribution: it means that one allophone can occur in a set of environments, and another allophone appears in a different set of environments. For instance, the allophone [ph] occurs words initially. And [p] occurs word finally, these two allophones don’t occur in the same places.

زينة شرايفة

1_Contrastive distribution: Changing one sound for another changes the meaning (phonemes).

Example:

In English, /p/ and /b/ are in contrastive distribution

pat vs. bat

2_Free variation: Different sounds can appear in the same environment without affecting meaning (allophones of the same phoneme).In English, the word "economics" can be pronounced with either /i/ or /ɛ/ at the beginning.

3_Complementary distribution: Two sounds occur in mutually exclusive environments and are allophones of the same phoneme.

The sounds [n] and [ŋ] (the "ng" sound) are in complementary distribution:

[n] in "run" (appears before vowels or other consonants)

[ŋ] in "rung" (appears before the sound /g/ or at the end of a word)

Maryam aqqad

1-A contrastive distribution in linguistics is a relationship between two or more different elements which can appear in the same context, but cause a change in meaning when one is substituted for another in that context. /p/and /b/

2-Free variation is the phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speakers

either and neither, in which "ei" can be pronounced as either /iː/ or /aɪ/, even by the same speaker

3-Complementary distribution is the distribution of phones in their respective phonetic environments in which one phone never appears in the same phonetic context as the other

 [pʰ] in “pin” vs. [p] in “spin

Lama jodallah.

Contrastive distribution : Allophones occur in the same phonetic environment and can change the meaning of a word

Like in English, the aspirated /p/ in "pin" and the unaspirated /p/ in "spin" are contrastive. Thier difference in aspiration changes the meaning of the word.

___________

Free Variation : Allophones occur in the same phonetic environment and do not change the meaning of a word.

 The choice of allophone is often random or dialect-specific.

 In many American English dialects, the /t/ in "water" can be pronounced as a flap or a stop. Both pronunciations are acceptable and do not change the meaning of the word.

___________

Complementary Distribution: Allophones occur in different phonetic environments and never occur in the same environment.

 In English, the voiced /ð/ and voiceless /θ/ in "the" and "thin" are in complementary distribution. /ð/ occurs between vowels, while /θ/ occurs at the beginning or end of a word or before a consonant. They never occur in the same phonetic environment.

Basmalah

1. Contrastive Distribution:Two sounds or linguistic elements are in contrastive distribution if they can occur in the same context and the substitution of one for the other changes the meaning of the word.

Example:In English, the sounds /p/ and /b/ are in contrastive distribution. Consider the pairs:

pat:(/pæt/)

bat:(/bæt/)

2. Free Variation:Two sounds or linguistic elements are in free variation if they can occur in the same context without changing the meaning of the word. This means speakers may use either variant interchangeably.

Example:In some dialects of English, the pronunciation of the word "either" can be /ˈiːðər/ or /ˈaɪðər/. Both pronunciations are acceptable in the same context and do not alter the meaning of the word, demonstrating free variation.

3. Complementary Distribution:Two sounds or linguistic elements are in complementary distribution if they never occur in the same context. One sound appears where the other does not, and vice versa.

Example:In English phonology, the sounds [pʰ] (aspirated) and [p] (unaspirated) are in complementary distribution. [pʰ] occurs at the beginning of a stressed syllable, as in "pat" [pʰæt], while [p] appears after an /s/, as in "spat" [spæt]. Since they never occur in the same phonetic environment, they are in complementary distribution.

Rahaf

1. Contrastive Distribution: Two sounds occur in the same environment and change the word's meaning.

Example: /p/ and /b/ in pat vs. bat show different phonemes.

2. Free Variation: Two sounds can occur in the same environment without changing meaning.

Example: stop can end with aspirated [p] or unaspirated [p], but both mean the same

3. Complementary Distribution: Two sounds never appear in the same environment and are allophones of the same phoneme.

Example: [p] in pit and [p] in spit are allophones of /p/

Nada Islam

Distinguish between the following three concepts:

1. Contrastive distribution.

2. Free variation.

3. Complementary distribution.

Make sure to include examples where necessary to show your understanding.

Zawawi