VNA IVNA Animal husbandry Master

Beagles housed in research facilities do not have access to the five freedoms.

In research facilities beagles are being experimented on for research purposes often to see how they will react to things like cosmetics and medicine. This will in most cases expose the dog to discomfort and in some cases a lot of pain which can be so bad that the dogs have to be euthanised. This does not allow the dogs to be free form pain and discomfort.

After the animal has been repeatedly tested on which results in pain and discomfort, they will live in fear of when they will next be used for testing to go through it again. Therefore, the beagle is not free from fear or distress.

When an animal, in this case a beagle, is being kept in a research laboratory, they are most likely kept in a cage inside the laboratory for nearly, if not all, of the day. This does not allow the beagle freedom to express natural behaviours as it is not even able to go outside. It is not a natural behaviour to be kept in a cage, they can not run, jump, play or socialise as they naturally would.

A beagle housed in a research facility does not have access to each the five freedoms.

At times, the beagle will suffer from discomfort from the procedures carried out to fulfil the research. At times pain, possibly injury due to invasive medical procedures and tests, along with disease in some instances, mean that this freedom is not met.

Fear and distress will be an integral part of this animals life as the testing is carried out under the guise of research. The beagle will not be able to live normally as there will be limited (if any) access to outside and the normal rest and recreation activities. Only one freedom is assured - that being freedom from hunger and thirst.

A wolf in its natural habitat would not meet the criteria of the five freedoms in my opinion, one of these reasons is due to not being able to guarantee the wolf would be free from hunger or thirst as there are many factors that would determine how often it was able to eat some of which are; its ability to hunt and catch prey, if the wolf was to become injured and unable to hunt, the weather conditions.

Another freedom I don't believe it would meet would be the freedom from pain, injury or disease. Obviously in the wild there is no way to ensure no harm or disease come to the animal as well as having no way to treat them.

These are just afew examples of why i believe a Wolf in the wild cannot live up to the five freedoms.

A dog hospitalized for two weeks with a medical condition should have the best opportunity to free from discomfort while hospitalized. The vets and nurses can manage pain and anxiety levels with medication and monitor regularly and get on top of pain or discomfort quickly.

The kennels in the hospital may be clinical and smell sterile / strange to the patient initially, but most facilities are warm in their kennel areas and soft blankets offered.

Disease prevention should be a minimal risk while being hospitalized. With facility protocols like isolation for infectious diseases, and sanitization the dog should be safe from further infection.

Normal behaviors for the dog will not be met as fully as a healthy dog at home. While staying in the hospital the dog will not be free roaming, more likely taken outside for toileting for a short period of time, where a brief stretch of legs and a trot around will be allowed. But exercise socialization and exploration will not be met to 'well dog; levels. Comfort from carers will be offered but as again not to the level of the dog when he/she is well and at home.

A controversial topic, whilst providing your cat access to both indoors and outdoors you are encouraging natural behaviour such as socialising and hunting, however, you are also exposing them to greater risk of injury and/or disease.

Assuming the cat is invited back indoors at night time is a good way to minimise the risk of injury from cat fights, traffic related injury etc.

Providing your cat the comfort of the indoors is necessary, however, there are many cats who prefer to be away from the action of the household and feel more at ease outside-it’s the outdoors providing more and quieter opportunities to hide or get up high in order to feel safe.

The outside world can prove too much for some felines, increasing levels of fear and anxiety, for this reason alone, some cats are better suited to being an indoor only cat.

It seems that the best option should be decided on a case-by-case basis, depending on the individual cat and it’s personality. However, there is suggestion that a life restricted to the indoors is the overall best option for most felines and offers a happier and longer life to your pet.

Dog with a medical condition

Normal behaviour will be limited as the animal is in hospital. This means they will likely spend most time indoors, contained in a crate of some sort. As the dog is unwell, they might not need as much space, but they should still have enough room to stand up, stretch and move about a bit. They should also be taken out to toilet and if appropriate have the opportunity for a small walk every day, and provided with appropriate enrichment activites.

Discomfort should be managed through appropriate bedding and warmth. Also in this situation, pain medication should be administered regularly.

The dog will be in hospital getting treatment for whatever ailment they have, so this need should definitely be being met.

The dog may be quite fearful and distressed due to the situation. This should be taken into account and minimised as much as possible, with regular visit's from familiar people (if possible) and housing in an environment where it is quiet and they feel as safe and secure as possible.

The normal behaviour of the cat is being promoted with the cat being able to have free access to both indoor and outdoors and with this can but a stress reliever for the cat. But can increase the risk of injury and disease. This could be met with daily checks and regular, yearly vet checks, vaccinations and a flea, worming program. Any pain or discomfort meet with vet care at time.

The Beagle is a popular breed of dog used for research, due to their size, high adaptability, general health and sociability.

If the Beagle was in a Lab which aimed to re-home the dog instead of it being euthanized at the commencement of research, the 5 freedoms would be met at a much higher level.

The Beagle's 5 freedom's could be vastly varying in different Labs.

The 4 freedoms we are concentrating on I feel would be compromised in both cases. The Beagles behaviour would be socially compromised with humans, dogs, other species and its environment through lack of exposure. The Beagle would have pent up energy from not being able to physically exert itself. He could not explore, discover new scents and surroundings. The Beagles discomfort would be determined by his confinement, if it was not only large enough for sleeping, but for free movement and play. If he was housed with other dogs that would allow social interaction and normal behaviour. If he was confined alone he would develop abnormal behaviour over time. Discomfort would also be a factor with some research experiments and possibly uneducated and uncaring handling of humans. The Beagle would most probably be timid as a result of fear, exasperating the daily distress it would be feeling. Disease should be under control, but in saying that research experiments with infectious diseases could be undertaken. The pain and injury to the Beagle could be severe or minimal also depending on the research experiment being undertaken. This is a very hard subject to analyse without hard evidence. I just hope this industry can agree it's time to stop!

Cats should be able to have the access to their natural environment both inside and outside. Being able to go outside allows the cat to explore and get the enrichment that it needs on a daily bacis. Allowing the cat to also come inside allows the cat a safe place away from any pain, distress, and discomfort and fear. Allowing the cat to go both inside and outside allows the cat to the freedom to express normal behaviour.

Indoor/ Outdoor cats in NZ. The average cat should be able to meet the five freedoms. Being an inside/ outside cat gives the cat the freedom to express normal cat behaviour such as climbing and scratching trees, hunting and socialising. However owners need to be doing daily checks to make sure the cat has no battle wounds from neighbourhood cats, dogs or pests. Being able to come inside gives them the freedom to hide and have some human snuggles. The average indoor/ outdoor cat should be in an environment where the five freedoms are readily available however these can never be completely removed with the risk or injury or disease from playing around and socialising. These can be easily solved with care and attention from the owner with vets checks when needed and regular parasite prevention.

In this situation the Beagle will not be meeting the five freedoms. By being housed for research the dog is most likely kept alone in a cage/ small area. This is taking away the dogs freedom to express normal behaviour as they will not be able to run around and exercise, have contact with other dogs/animals or have loving human contact. Being confined in a small area alone will also cause discomfort, fear and distress which takes away another two freedoms. Lastly the dog will most likely be suffering from pain, injury or disease as part of the trial as they are most likely exposed to something foreign to them. I don't believe there are many ways to make a Beagle housed for research meet the five freedoms. The fact that the dog is being monitored after undergoing trials for things most likely not needed at the time is limiting the dog being able to live with any of the five freedoms.

cats should have the freedom to experience the outside and do natural cat things like hunt and scratch trees but with this they have risks of cars and some people don't like the idea of hunting as it is leading to some native birds being killed so placing a collar with a bell can help with this but they also have the risk of getting caught when climbing things.

they also need the freedom to experience a good loving home where they can cuddle up in warm blankets and clean safe drinking water as well as a balanced diet than just hunting so a cat being able to come inside and out when they want decreases a discomfortable environment as they are cared for well as experiencing natural cat behaviour.

Is unlikely to be able to exhibit normal behaviour, eg. running around, playing with other dogs.

Depending on the experiments it may not be able to be free from discomfort, pain or disease.

The unnatural surroundings may cause the dog to be fearful.

An indoor/outdoor cat have to freedom to hunger and thirst. they also should have the freedom to express their normal behaviours of an indoor/outdoor cat but this can be limited when the five domains have not been met \.being and outdoor there can have the risk of pain, diseases from the possible fighting, traffic ,dogs and diseases. Indoor cats could get stressed from constant being inside as in the wild cats are keep outside and they need appropriate enrichment to keep them entertained and not stressed. Every animal is different but some cats find collars discomfortable which could lead to stress.

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes...

When the beagle is being housed in the laboratory it can be exposed to a stressful environment as may not be comfortable (used to) being confined in the laboratory. It could start to feel fear and distress being inside the laboratory which can lead to abnormal behaviour. This then clearly doesn't allow the beagle to express it's normal behaviour.

Depending on the research the beagle is being housed for. The dog could be exposed to diseases, injury, and discomfort. This is another example of how the beagle isn't getting to experience another freedom of being free from pain, injury and disease. As well as not being free from discomfort due to the environment.

This a completely unnatural environment for any animal to be keep in. It takes away the Beagles freedom to express normal behaviour as it is being kept in a cage and laboratory, which is far from normal. This would also take away the freedom from fear and distress. This would be an incredibly stressful situation for the Beagle as it would be frightened with being confined in a cage and having people use it for different procedures on a regular basis. Depending on what research it is being used for, the freedom from pain could also be compromised if the lab is doing certain tests on the dog.

A DOG HOPITALIZED FOR TWO WEEKS

An animal being hospitalized experience stress including physical and behavioral modifications.

Their immune systems might be impaired and sometimes they remember their stay in the hospital as a fearful experience.

The stress can be reduced by pheromonotherapy, management of the environment and reducing pain.

an indoor/outdoor cat should have freedom to express normal behaviour, however this has the potential to be restricted for a number of reasons.

Cats have an instinct for predation, hunting is normal however not seen as acceptable by some owners and areas with native wildlife. They also have a nocturnal lifestyle and prefer to roam and hunt at night, owners may choose to keep cats inside to prevent this and limit risk of injury to the cat, eg traffic, dogs.

Keeping the cat inside full time could lead to stress and even obesity, and would require a large area with appropriate enrichment, climbing area and seperate toileting/sleeping area.

Some cats may have a collar with a bell placed to stop hunting, this in turn limits the cats normal behaviour, and has the potential to cause discomfort.

Cats like to scratch and may be stopped from scratching furniture- owners should provide a scratching post if the cat does not have access to appropriate scratching material.

Freedom from discomfort- a good cat owner should be looking for signs of discomfort, wearing a collar has the potential to cause discomfort, possibly incorrect handling by family members/children.

Freedom from pain/injury/disease, this should be assisted by daily checks and annual vet checks however allowing the cat to roam and exhibit normal behaviour does put it at risk for injury- other cats/dogs/fighting, traffic. The owner should be vigilant in checking for injury/pain and keeping up with vaccinations/treatments to prevent disease.

Freedom from fear and distress, a good home should keep a cat free from fear and distress however this at times cannot be avoided- fireworks, loud noises.

People may also come and go from the home that may frighten the cat, there is possibility for moving house, new baby or additional pets which may cause stress.

A good home I think would ensure all 4 freedoms are met as well as can be, however the balance between letting the cat exhibit normal behaviour and keeping it safe seems a fine balance!

A WILD WOLF IN ITS NATURAL HABITAT

Wild wolves in nature will exhibit normal behavior and have freedom, but deadly poisons, cruel traps and being shot at can cause them severe injury and death. Fear and distress have become part of their lives as they have to be constantly aware of their surroundings. Wolves are also in danger of losing their habitats due to developments by humans.

Farmers, especially should make sure that the wild prey population on their farms be maintained so that wolves, that prefer hunting wild prey have enough food.

Indoor and Outdoor Cats

Indoor/Outdoor cats do have freedom but, wounds from fighting with other cats, contagious diseases such as rabies are life threatening. Fleas and ticks are also dangers to deal with. These factors can all cause discomfort, pain and sometimes death.

To protect your cat make sure that they are properly vaccinated, sprayed and microchipped.

A BEAGLE HOUSED IN A LABORATORY FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES.

A beagle will experience significant fear and distress that will be caused by captivity in a cage, in a cold laboratory environment and the discomfort that happens during the experiments.

Normal behavior for a captive animal is impossible because there is no freedom from their current environment and unfamiliar people or surroundings.

in addition to enough food and water i think their life could be made better coming giving them toys, treats, companions and opportunities to exercise and explore the outside.

Normal behaviour would be limited due to being confined to a cage. The only daylight the dog would see would be when it got taken out to the toilet. The feeling of restriction would be difficult depending on the dog, which could cause distress. The nurses keeping up with all medications could help reduce any stress and make the dog more comfortable. Keeping the door closed in the kennel room would be beneficial to keep the clinic noises to a minimum and the nurses/vet speaking to the dog in a calm and quiet voice.

Cats that are outdoors can catch birds, mice, rats, lizards. They have more freedom to climb, jump and run as they as want. Indoor cats are a bit more limited. One thing about being outdoors is neighbours or stray cats can cause harm or distress with fighting. They can also spread diseases . Keeping them indoors can help prevent this occuring and they are kept safe from the bad weather. Cat owners need to make sure their animals are kept up to date with vaccinations, flea and worm treatments. Also a way to reduce fear or stress is to give them lots of affection if they let you!

A wild wolf in it's own habitat has the freedom to go and do what ever it pleases, and they exercise all day basically. Living in a pack could be tough at times depending on how many are in a pack and how much of a catch they get. If a wolf was to become injured it would be difficult for a Vet to have a look at it and treat it so could be in pain or discomfort for a long time. Also living off other animals could cause a threat to themselves as they could not be vaccinated so could contract a disease.

The dog would not be well socialized and need daily exercise. Normal behavior is unlikely as it contained. They should have a big enough cage for the dog to be able to stand up and turn around. They should be providing pain relief/medication for the dog if they are causing any pain or discomfort. The dog will be living in constant fear and distress from all the experiments being done. If there is a lack of exercise that could be causing a weakened immune system which could lead to the dog being more prone to diseases or illnesses.

Beagle in a Research Lab.

This situation seems like one of the most difficult to provide the 5 freedoms and would be highly dependent on the research project being undertaken.

All research involving animals in NZ must be carried out in accordance with the Animal Welfare Act 1999 and MPI guidelines and meet MPI and National Animal Ethics Advisory Commitee requirements. Each project must be signed off by an Animal Ethics Commitee acting in accordance with these regulations and guidelines. These requirements mean that the 5 freedoms should mostly be met, animals should have access to clean water and appropriate food, they should have a comfortable, species appropriate enclosure and not be put in a stressful environment. They are to be monitored by trained staff that are required to get a vet in if the animal requires it.

It would seem however, that all freedoms could not be met, and it would be highly dependent on the experiment undertaken.

It is highly unlikely that normal behaviour can be exhibited by a dog contained in a research facility. Pain may be inflicted by experimental procedures and these may also induce fear and stress. Pain management should be administered and staff should be trained to limit stress. Disease may actually be induced if this is what is being studied.

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes

1. A dog being housed in the laboratory would be stressful for a dog as it will be a cold, metal kennel/ cage and it would be noisy and unfamiliar so it would be imperative for him to be kept comfortable, with warm cozy bedding and enough room to move around, stand up and stretch out if not it would be important to take out for at least 2-3 walks a day and socialization to reduce stress.

2. The laboratory will have to make sure that the dog is comfortable, not in pain and is getting frequent check ups, up to date vaccinations and de worming & de fleeing. There will be no objects & the door will be secularly locked so the dog cant escape or jump down if the kennel is up high off the ground.

3. The dog will be needed to taken for daily walks, socialization and have toys to play with, so he doesn't get bored and keeping his mind active as for a dog in a research facility it will be a lot of waiting around in the cage/ kennel so anytime they get they should be walked and play time would help the dog express some normal behaviour.

4. The dog will most likely be at the research facility with other dogs/ animals, there will be scary noises, cold metal cages and foot traffic with strangers so the dog would be feeling a lot of fear and stress towards the environment. To make the beagle feel less stress and fear would be comfortable bedding, daily walks, regular toilet visits, play time with toys, treats and pats would also really help!

The Grey wolf is a pack animal living in packs of around six to 10, through this they are able to display their normal behaviours one being how they interact with each other by "vocalization, scent marking, and visually by facial expression, body position and tail position"

Discomfort and Disease

Wolves aren't immune to disease and parasites common ones affecting wolves are: Canine Parovirus, distemper, rabies, blastomycosis (where untreated is fatal), lyme disease (painful, swollen joints, fever, loss of appetite). Lice, mange, and Heart worm.

Wolves fear humans, so if in close proximity they will run away rather than attack. apart from Humans wolves have very few natural enemies.

https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/gray-wolf-facts/

Situation 3: Wild wolf in natural habitat

Normal behaviour: I would give this an 80% pass mark, the wolf is free to roam and engage in normal behaviour. The other 20% would be natural human interference with its natural environment.

Discomfort: The disadvantage of living its natural environment is that the wolf would be exposed to all the extremes of weather. However, it’s thick coat and resilience would help it through these difficulties.

Pain, injury or disease: There is a high chance that the wolf could be injured whilst hunting for food, or perhaps fighting in the wolf pack to achieve dominance. The wolf could also be exposed to other diseased wildlife.

Fear and distress: Fear and distress could come from negative interactions with humans in the wolfs habitat. I.e. hunters or being caught in a trap.

A dog with a medical condition that is hospitalized for two weeks would not have the remaining 4 freedoms met to standard.

1: As suggested, the dog has a medical condition and is hospitalised or 2 weeks. This would lead the dog to be feeling a form of discomfort as the hospital crates/kennals/cages are not generally designed for long term use of an animal. Although most likely the dog would have something soft and warm to lay on, the stiff, cold crate would not provide much comfort.

2: As the dog is in the hospital with a medical condition, i would believe the dog is in pain, has an injury or a disease. Although he may be on regular pain relief medications.

3: The dog does not have the ability to express normal behavior due to the confinement of the hospital. this does not allow the dog the ability to act in a normal way in which a dog should.

4: As the dog is in an unfamiliar surrounding, away from his family and with lost of trigger stacking sensitization, he is most likely going to be experiences a form of fear and/or stress due to this environment.

A wild wolf in its natural habitat can display natural/normal behaviours as it is in its natural habitat. Whilst it has the ability to find food and water and shelter, this can remain difficult and food may not be as easily accessible as it would be if domesticated - being given a plate of food every day. Instead, the wolf must work for its food, meaning that whilst it has the ability to seek food and water, this is not an entirely met freedom. It is also more at risk of disease, illness and injury. There are no vets in a wild habitat and although dogs have great healing bacterias in their saliva when licking clean a wound, environmental factors and pact dynamic factors play a large part in if the wolf gets injured whether or not they will survive. Same goes for fear and distress, while they are free from the fear and distress caused by humans, they are still beings and experience fear and distress in other ways - such as feuding with a pack member for a mate, or feuding for food and water

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes.

unfortunately, this is not the ideal life for ANY animal but is the sad truth of the world.

the "freedom's" of the animal is not in the highest form in this industry as there normally exposed to a lot of testing which can be very stressful for an animal. They are always exposed to some sort of pain whether it be testing drugs or on-going injections this can be very taxing on the animal's mental health and comfort.

Normally there not able to express normal behavior with other different types of dogs and animals. there affective state is almost always negative and would find it hard to relax, have relief, or much pleasure in this.

In this environment there are not free form

Discomfort, pain and injury, and Normal Behavior.

A Dog with a medical condition that has been hospitalized for two weeks

1: Normal behavior would be limited having a medical condition and being in a cage, could be combated with regular movement and being taken outdoors

2: Freedom from discomfort, I feel like the dog being hospitalized would help towards being free of pain and discomfort as medication and regular checks by a nurse would keep pain and discomfort under control. Nice soft hospital beds and under floor heating would also help with discomfort.

3: Freedom from fear and distress. This would be limited as hospitals are usually noisy and unfamiliar, one way to reduce stress is to cover the cage so the dog feels more secure, nurses need to be doing low stress handling and talking in a calm voice to minimize stress.

wolf in natural habitat

It would have the ability and freedom of demonstrating its natural behaviors. Like hunting. Pact dynamics would also be able to be present within its behaviors.

It would be able to avoid uncomfortable positions for the most part as there is normally a safer space they are accustomed to in their environment. However, in the wild, the chance of getting injured or sick is quite large which would cause discomfort to the animal.

Again, as it lives in the wild it would be accessible to parasites or diseases. Unlike a household pet, it doesn't have access to vaccinations

Freedom to express normal behaviour: people will prevent this a little bit since we generally do not let our cats claw the furniture, however we can provide them with scratching post and since they are allowed outdoors they are able to do this on trees, logs, fence posts etc.

Freedom from discomfort: in general people are good at providing this for their pet cats by providing them with comfortable places to rest (beds, cat towers, allowing them on furniture, and of course the boxes these thing come in).

Freedom form pain, injury and disease: by allowing them outdoors we cannot always prevent these things from happening but as responsible pet owners we would vaccinate against what can be vaccinated against, use preventative treatment for fleas and worms, have regular checks and if anything seems wrong take to vet.

Freedom of fear and distress: have places that the cat is able to hide in if it wants and let the cat escape from the situation it is in if it wishes to. Also teach children how to behave around them.

Indoor / Outdoor Cats

Cats outdoors have more of a risk of fear/distress from things such as fireworks and loud noises. There is also a risk of dangers such as cars. Keeping cats inside at night can help to alleviate some of these issues.

They also need to be able to exhibit normal cat behavior which is possible for cats inside and outside. Such as scratching trees or a scratching post inside. A cat having the ability to come inside and go outside as they want allows them to exhibit all the natural behaviours of a cat

Owners of indoor/outdoor cats also need to insure that the cat has access to clean safe drinking water. Inside is manageable by regularly topping up drinking water daily and as required but also ensuring there is safe drinking water outside and nothing harmful for the cat to be drinking, buckets of cleaning products, oil, etc.

The cat should also have the option of shelter and comfort as it is able to come inside when it is cold and wet outside.

There is a understanding that labs are run well to a certain extent but when it comes to the five domains I feel that they are not being met the best they should be or at all in same cases. Freedom form hunger and thirst is the only one that is met to its full as they will want the animals feed and hydrated. Freedom from discomfort may be met slightly but a lot lab animals are kept in cages most their lives so this has to have slight discomfort to it. It also shows there is no freedom to express normal behavior such as running, playing, attention and care as a pet. Seeing as these are research animals freedom from pain, and injury are also questioned because some pain may happen for testing purposes this leads to fear and distress which can lead to injury. Freedom from disease in some cases will be met they most likely have vaccines and are wormed but some testing may give them disease so this is also in question in my mind. I feel the only domain that is most likely being upheld is freedom from hunger and thirst.

A wolf in it's natural habitat has the ability to exercise primal instinct and behave according to the species. It can hunt, and exercise as it needs. There are times in the wild however that food can become scarce, and warmth.

Regarding discomfort, it has the ability to avoid situations that make it uncomfortable and find spaces that are quiet, and sheltered. It can however become hurt in the wild and not be able to seek attention or help, causing prolonged discomfort.

The wild wolf also hasn't got the ability to be free of disease, and won't have vaccinations or treatment throughout it's life, sometimes leading to a short life. The pack could also be quite healthy with limited exposure to contagious disease.

Regarding fear and distress, the wild wolf would usually move in a pack, and have more eyes and ears than their own to consider the environment around them. They have heightened senses from living in the wild, and are strong as a pack which limits the fear and distress.

Indoor /outdoor cats can display natural behaviours, eg scratching up a tree, scent marking around its territory. This can also be achieved inside with cat scratchers and allowing the cat to rub up against furniture

The cat can leave most situations it finds discomforting eg loud noises within the home. It will also have access to being indoors out of bad weather and hopefully a comfortable space to sleep in

The cat is more susceptible to disease like giardia and coccidia as it is more likely to be exposed to still water that could be contaminated.

The cat may be put in more distressing situations like being locked in a garage by mistake, attacked by another animal, or stuck up a tree with having access to the outdoors

In the wild wolves like to live in packs, they are free to have as much exercise and room of freedom as they want. They tend to live in forests, deserts and grasslands, where there is a healthy variety of food to hunt. To really bring out their natural behaviours.

Although wolves have the freedom to do as they wish they still have threats in the wild like poison that’s been spread to kill unwanted pests. Or eat other animals who have been contaminated. wolves are not vaccinated against some of the lurking illnesses and diseases that are in the wild it lowers there chance of survival

Wolves will thrive in the wild and relay on their natural instincts to survive.