VNA IVNA Animal husbandry Master

Beagles housed in research facilities do not have access to the five freedoms.

In research facilities beagles are being experimented on for research purposes often to see how they will react to things like cosmetics and medicine. This will in most cases expose the dog to discomfort and in some cases a lot of pain which can be so bad that the dogs have to be euthanised. This does not allow the dogs to be free form pain and discomfort.

After the animal has been repeatedly tested on which results in pain and discomfort, they will live in fear of when they will next be used for testing to go through it again. Therefore, the beagle is not free from fear or distress.

When an animal, in this case a beagle, is being kept in a research laboratory, they are most likely kept in a cage inside the laboratory for nearly, if not all, of the day. This does not allow the beagle freedom to express natural behaviours as it is not even able to go outside. It is not a natural behaviour to be kept in a cage, they can not run, jump, play or socialise as they naturally would.

A beagle housed in a research facility does not have access to each the five freedoms.

At times, the beagle will suffer from discomfort from the procedures carried out to fulfil the research. At times pain, possibly injury due to invasive medical procedures and tests, along with disease in some instances, mean that this freedom is not met.

Fear and distress will be an integral part of this animals life as the testing is carried out under the guise of research. The beagle will not be able to live normally as there will be limited (if any) access to outside and the normal rest and recreation activities. Only one freedom is assured - that being freedom from hunger and thirst.

A wolf in its natural habitat would not meet the criteria of the five freedoms in my opinion, one of these reasons is due to not being able to guarantee the wolf would be free from hunger or thirst as there are many factors that would determine how often it was able to eat some of which are; its ability to hunt and catch prey, if the wolf was to become injured and unable to hunt, the weather conditions.

Another freedom I don't believe it would meet would be the freedom from pain, injury or disease. Obviously in the wild there is no way to ensure no harm or disease come to the animal as well as having no way to treat them.

These are just afew examples of why i believe a Wolf in the wild cannot live up to the five freedoms.

A dog hospitalized for two weeks with a medical condition should have the best opportunity to free from discomfort while hospitalized. The vets and nurses can manage pain and anxiety levels with medication and monitor regularly and get on top of pain or discomfort quickly.

The kennels in the hospital may be clinical and smell sterile / strange to the patient initially, but most facilities are warm in their kennel areas and soft blankets offered.

Disease prevention should be a minimal risk while being hospitalized. With facility protocols like isolation for infectious diseases, and sanitization the dog should be safe from further infection.

Normal behaviors for the dog will not be met as fully as a healthy dog at home. While staying in the hospital the dog will not be free roaming, more likely taken outside for toileting for a short period of time, where a brief stretch of legs and a trot around will be allowed. But exercise socialization and exploration will not be met to 'well dog; levels. Comfort from carers will be offered but as again not to the level of the dog when he/she is well and at home.

A controversial topic, whilst providing your cat access to both indoors and outdoors you are encouraging natural behaviour such as socialising and hunting, however, you are also exposing them to greater risk of injury and/or disease.

Assuming the cat is invited back indoors at night time is a good way to minimise the risk of injury from cat fights, traffic related injury etc.

Providing your cat the comfort of the indoors is necessary, however, there are many cats who prefer to be away from the action of the household and feel more at ease outside-it’s the outdoors providing more and quieter opportunities to hide or get up high in order to feel safe.

The outside world can prove too much for some felines, increasing levels of fear and anxiety, for this reason alone, some cats are better suited to being an indoor only cat.

It seems that the best option should be decided on a case-by-case basis, depending on the individual cat and it’s personality. However, there is suggestion that a life restricted to the indoors is the overall best option for most felines and offers a happier and longer life to your pet.

Dog with a medical condition

Normal behaviour will be limited as the animal is in hospital. This means they will likely spend most time indoors, contained in a crate of some sort. As the dog is unwell, they might not need as much space, but they should still have enough room to stand up, stretch and move about a bit. They should also be taken out to toilet and if appropriate have the opportunity for a small walk every day, and provided with appropriate enrichment activites.

Discomfort should be managed through appropriate bedding and warmth. Also in this situation, pain medication should be administered regularly.

The dog will be in hospital getting treatment for whatever ailment they have, so this need should definitely be being met.

The dog may be quite fearful and distressed due to the situation. This should be taken into account and minimised as much as possible, with regular visit's from familiar people (if possible) and housing in an environment where it is quiet and they feel as safe and secure as possible.

The normal behaviour of the cat is being promoted with the cat being able to have free access to both indoor and outdoors and with this can but a stress reliever for the cat. But can increase the risk of injury and disease. This could be met with daily checks and regular, yearly vet checks, vaccinations and a flea, worming program. Any pain or discomfort meet with vet care at time.

The Beagle is a popular breed of dog used for research, due to their size, high adaptability, general health and sociability.

If the Beagle was in a Lab which aimed to re-home the dog instead of it being euthanized at the commencement of research, the 5 freedoms would be met at a much higher level.

The Beagle's 5 freedom's could be vastly varying in different Labs.

The 4 freedoms we are concentrating on I feel would be compromised in both cases. The Beagles behaviour would be socially compromised with humans, dogs, other species and its environment through lack of exposure. The Beagle would have pent up energy from not being able to physically exert itself. He could not explore, discover new scents and surroundings. The Beagles discomfort would be determined by his confinement, if it was not only large enough for sleeping, but for free movement and play. If he was housed with other dogs that would allow social interaction and normal behaviour. If he was confined alone he would develop abnormal behaviour over time. Discomfort would also be a factor with some research experiments and possibly uneducated and uncaring handling of humans. The Beagle would most probably be timid as a result of fear, exasperating the daily distress it would be feeling. Disease should be under control, but in saying that research experiments with infectious diseases could be undertaken. The pain and injury to the Beagle could be severe or minimal also depending on the research experiment being undertaken. This is a very hard subject to analyse without hard evidence. I just hope this industry can agree it's time to stop!

Cats should be able to have the access to their natural environment both inside and outside. Being able to go outside allows the cat to explore and get the enrichment that it needs on a daily bacis. Allowing the cat to also come inside allows the cat a safe place away from any pain, distress, and discomfort and fear. Allowing the cat to go both inside and outside allows the cat to the freedom to express normal behaviour.

Indoor/ Outdoor cats in NZ. The average cat should be able to meet the five freedoms. Being an inside/ outside cat gives the cat the freedom to express normal cat behaviour such as climbing and scratching trees, hunting and socialising. However owners need to be doing daily checks to make sure the cat has no battle wounds from neighbourhood cats, dogs or pests. Being able to come inside gives them the freedom to hide and have some human snuggles. The average indoor/ outdoor cat should be in an environment where the five freedoms are readily available however these can never be completely removed with the risk or injury or disease from playing around and socialising. These can be easily solved with care and attention from the owner with vets checks when needed and regular parasite prevention.

In this situation the Beagle will not be meeting the five freedoms. By being housed for research the dog is most likely kept alone in a cage/ small area. This is taking away the dogs freedom to express normal behaviour as they will not be able to run around and exercise, have contact with other dogs/animals or have loving human contact. Being confined in a small area alone will also cause discomfort, fear and distress which takes away another two freedoms. Lastly the dog will most likely be suffering from pain, injury or disease as part of the trial as they are most likely exposed to something foreign to them. I don't believe there are many ways to make a Beagle housed for research meet the five freedoms. The fact that the dog is being monitored after undergoing trials for things most likely not needed at the time is limiting the dog being able to live with any of the five freedoms.

cats should have the freedom to experience the outside and do natural cat things like hunt and scratch trees but with this they have risks of cars and some people don't like the idea of hunting as it is leading to some native birds being killed so placing a collar with a bell can help with this but they also have the risk of getting caught when climbing things.

they also need the freedom to experience a good loving home where they can cuddle up in warm blankets and clean safe drinking water as well as a balanced diet than just hunting so a cat being able to come inside and out when they want decreases a discomfortable environment as they are cared for well as experiencing natural cat behaviour.

Is unlikely to be able to exhibit normal behaviour, eg. running around, playing with other dogs.

Depending on the experiments it may not be able to be free from discomfort, pain or disease.

The unnatural surroundings may cause the dog to be fearful.

An indoor/outdoor cat have to freedom to hunger and thirst. they also should have the freedom to express their normal behaviours of an indoor/outdoor cat but this can be limited when the five domains have not been met \.being and outdoor there can have the risk of pain, diseases from the possible fighting, traffic ,dogs and diseases. Indoor cats could get stressed from constant being inside as in the wild cats are keep outside and they need appropriate enrichment to keep them entertained and not stressed. Every animal is different but some cats find collars discomfortable which could lead to stress.

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes...

When the beagle is being housed in the laboratory it can be exposed to a stressful environment as may not be comfortable (used to) being confined in the laboratory. It could start to feel fear and distress being inside the laboratory which can lead to abnormal behaviour. This then clearly doesn't allow the beagle to express it's normal behaviour.

Depending on the research the beagle is being housed for. The dog could be exposed to diseases, injury, and discomfort. This is another example of how the beagle isn't getting to experience another freedom of being free from pain, injury and disease. As well as not being free from discomfort due to the environment.

This a completely unnatural environment for any animal to be keep in. It takes away the Beagles freedom to express normal behaviour as it is being kept in a cage and laboratory, which is far from normal. This would also take away the freedom from fear and distress. This would be an incredibly stressful situation for the Beagle as it would be frightened with being confined in a cage and having people use it for different procedures on a regular basis. Depending on what research it is being used for, the freedom from pain could also be compromised if the lab is doing certain tests on the dog.

A DOG HOPITALIZED FOR TWO WEEKS

An animal being hospitalized experience stress including physical and behavioral modifications.

Their immune systems might be impaired and sometimes they remember their stay in the hospital as a fearful experience.

The stress can be reduced by pheromonotherapy, management of the environment and reducing pain.

an indoor/outdoor cat should have freedom to express normal behaviour, however this has the potential to be restricted for a number of reasons.

Cats have an instinct for predation, hunting is normal however not seen as acceptable by some owners and areas with native wildlife. They also have a nocturnal lifestyle and prefer to roam and hunt at night, owners may choose to keep cats inside to prevent this and limit risk of injury to the cat, eg traffic, dogs.

Keeping the cat inside full time could lead to stress and even obesity, and would require a large area with appropriate enrichment, climbing area and seperate toileting/sleeping area.

Some cats may have a collar with a bell placed to stop hunting, this in turn limits the cats normal behaviour, and has the potential to cause discomfort.

Cats like to scratch and may be stopped from scratching furniture- owners should provide a scratching post if the cat does not have access to appropriate scratching material.

Freedom from discomfort- a good cat owner should be looking for signs of discomfort, wearing a collar has the potential to cause discomfort, possibly incorrect handling by family members/children.

Freedom from pain/injury/disease, this should be assisted by daily checks and annual vet checks however allowing the cat to roam and exhibit normal behaviour does put it at risk for injury- other cats/dogs/fighting, traffic. The owner should be vigilant in checking for injury/pain and keeping up with vaccinations/treatments to prevent disease.

Freedom from fear and distress, a good home should keep a cat free from fear and distress however this at times cannot be avoided- fireworks, loud noises.

People may also come and go from the home that may frighten the cat, there is possibility for moving house, new baby or additional pets which may cause stress.

A good home I think would ensure all 4 freedoms are met as well as can be, however the balance between letting the cat exhibit normal behaviour and keeping it safe seems a fine balance!

A WILD WOLF IN ITS NATURAL HABITAT

Wild wolves in nature will exhibit normal behavior and have freedom, but deadly poisons, cruel traps and being shot at can cause them severe injury and death. Fear and distress have become part of their lives as they have to be constantly aware of their surroundings. Wolves are also in danger of losing their habitats due to developments by humans.

Farmers, especially should make sure that the wild prey population on their farms be maintained so that wolves, that prefer hunting wild prey have enough food.

Indoor and Outdoor Cats

Indoor/Outdoor cats do have freedom but, wounds from fighting with other cats, contagious diseases such as rabies are life threatening. Fleas and ticks are also dangers to deal with. These factors can all cause discomfort, pain and sometimes death.

To protect your cat make sure that they are properly vaccinated, sprayed and microchipped.

A BEAGLE HOUSED IN A LABORATORY FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES.

A beagle will experience significant fear and distress that will be caused by captivity in a cage, in a cold laboratory environment and the discomfort that happens during the experiments.

Normal behavior for a captive animal is impossible because there is no freedom from their current environment and unfamiliar people or surroundings.

in addition to enough food and water i think their life could be made better coming giving them toys, treats, companions and opportunities to exercise and explore the outside.

Normal behaviour would be limited due to being confined to a cage. The only daylight the dog would see would be when it got taken out to the toilet. The feeling of restriction would be difficult depending on the dog, which could cause distress. The nurses keeping up with all medications could help reduce any stress and make the dog more comfortable. Keeping the door closed in the kennel room would be beneficial to keep the clinic noises to a minimum and the nurses/vet speaking to the dog in a calm and quiet voice.

Cats that are outdoors can catch birds, mice, rats, lizards. They have more freedom to climb, jump and run as they as want. Indoor cats are a bit more limited. One thing about being outdoors is neighbours or stray cats can cause harm or distress with fighting. They can also spread diseases . Keeping them indoors can help prevent this occuring and they are kept safe from the bad weather. Cat owners need to make sure their animals are kept up to date with vaccinations, flea and worm treatments. Also a way to reduce fear or stress is to give them lots of affection if they let you!

A wild wolf in it's own habitat has the freedom to go and do what ever it pleases, and they exercise all day basically. Living in a pack could be tough at times depending on how many are in a pack and how much of a catch they get. If a wolf was to become injured it would be difficult for a Vet to have a look at it and treat it so could be in pain or discomfort for a long time. Also living off other animals could cause a threat to themselves as they could not be vaccinated so could contract a disease.

The dog would not be well socialized and need daily exercise. Normal behavior is unlikely as it contained. They should have a big enough cage for the dog to be able to stand up and turn around. They should be providing pain relief/medication for the dog if they are causing any pain or discomfort. The dog will be living in constant fear and distress from all the experiments being done. If there is a lack of exercise that could be causing a weakened immune system which could lead to the dog being more prone to diseases or illnesses.

Beagle in a Research Lab.

This situation seems like one of the most difficult to provide the 5 freedoms and would be highly dependent on the research project being undertaken.

All research involving animals in NZ must be carried out in accordance with the Animal Welfare Act 1999 and MPI guidelines and meet MPI and National Animal Ethics Advisory Commitee requirements. Each project must be signed off by an Animal Ethics Commitee acting in accordance with these regulations and guidelines. These requirements mean that the 5 freedoms should mostly be met, animals should have access to clean water and appropriate food, they should have a comfortable, species appropriate enclosure and not be put in a stressful environment. They are to be monitored by trained staff that are required to get a vet in if the animal requires it.

It would seem however, that all freedoms could not be met, and it would be highly dependent on the experiment undertaken.

It is highly unlikely that normal behaviour can be exhibited by a dog contained in a research facility. Pain may be inflicted by experimental procedures and these may also induce fear and stress. Pain management should be administered and staff should be trained to limit stress. Disease may actually be induced if this is what is being studied.

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes

1. A dog being housed in the laboratory would be stressful for a dog as it will be a cold, metal kennel/ cage and it would be noisy and unfamiliar so it would be imperative for him to be kept comfortable, with warm cozy bedding and enough room to move around, stand up and stretch out if not it would be important to take out for at least 2-3 walks a day and socialization to reduce stress.

2. The laboratory will have to make sure that the dog is comfortable, not in pain and is getting frequent check ups, up to date vaccinations and de worming & de fleeing. There will be no objects & the door will be secularly locked so the dog cant escape or jump down if the kennel is up high off the ground.

3. The dog will be needed to taken for daily walks, socialization and have toys to play with, so he doesn't get bored and keeping his mind active as for a dog in a research facility it will be a lot of waiting around in the cage/ kennel so anytime they get they should be walked and play time would help the dog express some normal behaviour.

4. The dog will most likely be at the research facility with other dogs/ animals, there will be scary noises, cold metal cages and foot traffic with strangers so the dog would be feeling a lot of fear and stress towards the environment. To make the beagle feel less stress and fear would be comfortable bedding, daily walks, regular toilet visits, play time with toys, treats and pats would also really help!

The Grey wolf is a pack animal living in packs of around six to 10, through this they are able to display their normal behaviours one being how they interact with each other by "vocalization, scent marking, and visually by facial expression, body position and tail position"

Discomfort and Disease

Wolves aren't immune to disease and parasites common ones affecting wolves are: Canine Parovirus, distemper, rabies, blastomycosis (where untreated is fatal), lyme disease (painful, swollen joints, fever, loss of appetite). Lice, mange, and Heart worm.

Wolves fear humans, so if in close proximity they will run away rather than attack. apart from Humans wolves have very few natural enemies.

https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/gray-wolf-facts/

Situation 3: Wild wolf in natural habitat

Normal behaviour: I would give this an 80% pass mark, the wolf is free to roam and engage in normal behaviour. The other 20% would be natural human interference with its natural environment.

Discomfort: The disadvantage of living its natural environment is that the wolf would be exposed to all the extremes of weather. However, it’s thick coat and resilience would help it through these difficulties.

Pain, injury or disease: There is a high chance that the wolf could be injured whilst hunting for food, or perhaps fighting in the wolf pack to achieve dominance. The wolf could also be exposed to other diseased wildlife.

Fear and distress: Fear and distress could come from negative interactions with humans in the wolfs habitat. I.e. hunters or being caught in a trap.

A dog with a medical condition that is hospitalized for two weeks would not have the remaining 4 freedoms met to standard.

1: As suggested, the dog has a medical condition and is hospitalised or 2 weeks. This would lead the dog to be feeling a form of discomfort as the hospital crates/kennals/cages are not generally designed for long term use of an animal. Although most likely the dog would have something soft and warm to lay on, the stiff, cold crate would not provide much comfort.

2: As the dog is in the hospital with a medical condition, i would believe the dog is in pain, has an injury or a disease. Although he may be on regular pain relief medications.

3: The dog does not have the ability to express normal behavior due to the confinement of the hospital. this does not allow the dog the ability to act in a normal way in which a dog should.

4: As the dog is in an unfamiliar surrounding, away from his family and with lost of trigger stacking sensitization, he is most likely going to be experiences a form of fear and/or stress due to this environment.

A wild wolf in its natural habitat can display natural/normal behaviours as it is in its natural habitat. Whilst it has the ability to find food and water and shelter, this can remain difficult and food may not be as easily accessible as it would be if domesticated - being given a plate of food every day. Instead, the wolf must work for its food, meaning that whilst it has the ability to seek food and water, this is not an entirely met freedom. It is also more at risk of disease, illness and injury. There are no vets in a wild habitat and although dogs have great healing bacterias in their saliva when licking clean a wound, environmental factors and pact dynamic factors play a large part in if the wolf gets injured whether or not they will survive. Same goes for fear and distress, while they are free from the fear and distress caused by humans, they are still beings and experience fear and distress in other ways - such as feuding with a pack member for a mate, or feuding for food and water

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes.

unfortunately, this is not the ideal life for ANY animal but is the sad truth of the world.

the "freedom's" of the animal is not in the highest form in this industry as there normally exposed to a lot of testing which can be very stressful for an animal. They are always exposed to some sort of pain whether it be testing drugs or on-going injections this can be very taxing on the animal's mental health and comfort.

Normally there not able to express normal behavior with other different types of dogs and animals. there affective state is almost always negative and would find it hard to relax, have relief, or much pleasure in this.

In this environment there are not free form

Discomfort, pain and injury, and Normal Behavior.

A Dog with a medical condition that has been hospitalized for two weeks

1: Normal behavior would be limited having a medical condition and being in a cage, could be combated with regular movement and being taken outdoors

2: Freedom from discomfort, I feel like the dog being hospitalized would help towards being free of pain and discomfort as medication and regular checks by a nurse would keep pain and discomfort under control. Nice soft hospital beds and under floor heating would also help with discomfort.

3: Freedom from fear and distress. This would be limited as hospitals are usually noisy and unfamiliar, one way to reduce stress is to cover the cage so the dog feels more secure, nurses need to be doing low stress handling and talking in a calm voice to minimize stress.

wolf in natural habitat

It would have the ability and freedom of demonstrating its natural behaviors. Like hunting. Pact dynamics would also be able to be present within its behaviors.

It would be able to avoid uncomfortable positions for the most part as there is normally a safer space they are accustomed to in their environment. However, in the wild, the chance of getting injured or sick is quite large which would cause discomfort to the animal.

Again, as it lives in the wild it would be accessible to parasites or diseases. Unlike a household pet, it doesn't have access to vaccinations

Freedom to express normal behaviour: people will prevent this a little bit since we generally do not let our cats claw the furniture, however we can provide them with scratching post and since they are allowed outdoors they are able to do this on trees, logs, fence posts etc.

Freedom from discomfort: in general people are good at providing this for their pet cats by providing them with comfortable places to rest (beds, cat towers, allowing them on furniture, and of course the boxes these thing come in).

Freedom form pain, injury and disease: by allowing them outdoors we cannot always prevent these things from happening but as responsible pet owners we would vaccinate against what can be vaccinated against, use preventative treatment for fleas and worms, have regular checks and if anything seems wrong take to vet.

Freedom of fear and distress: have places that the cat is able to hide in if it wants and let the cat escape from the situation it is in if it wishes to. Also teach children how to behave around them.

Indoor / Outdoor Cats

Cats outdoors have more of a risk of fear/distress from things such as fireworks and loud noises. There is also a risk of dangers such as cars. Keeping cats inside at night can help to alleviate some of these issues.

They also need to be able to exhibit normal cat behavior which is possible for cats inside and outside. Such as scratching trees or a scratching post inside. A cat having the ability to come inside and go outside as they want allows them to exhibit all the natural behaviours of a cat

Owners of indoor/outdoor cats also need to insure that the cat has access to clean safe drinking water. Inside is manageable by regularly topping up drinking water daily and as required but also ensuring there is safe drinking water outside and nothing harmful for the cat to be drinking, buckets of cleaning products, oil, etc.

The cat should also have the option of shelter and comfort as it is able to come inside when it is cold and wet outside.

There is a understanding that labs are run well to a certain extent but when it comes to the five domains I feel that they are not being met the best they should be or at all in same cases. Freedom form hunger and thirst is the only one that is met to its full as they will want the animals feed and hydrated. Freedom from discomfort may be met slightly but a lot lab animals are kept in cages most their lives so this has to have slight discomfort to it. It also shows there is no freedom to express normal behavior such as running, playing, attention and care as a pet. Seeing as these are research animals freedom from pain, and injury are also questioned because some pain may happen for testing purposes this leads to fear and distress which can lead to injury. Freedom from disease in some cases will be met they most likely have vaccines and are wormed but some testing may give them disease so this is also in question in my mind. I feel the only domain that is most likely being upheld is freedom from hunger and thirst.

A wolf in it's natural habitat has the ability to exercise primal instinct and behave according to the species. It can hunt, and exercise as it needs. There are times in the wild however that food can become scarce, and warmth.

Regarding discomfort, it has the ability to avoid situations that make it uncomfortable and find spaces that are quiet, and sheltered. It can however become hurt in the wild and not be able to seek attention or help, causing prolonged discomfort.

The wild wolf also hasn't got the ability to be free of disease, and won't have vaccinations or treatment throughout it's life, sometimes leading to a short life. The pack could also be quite healthy with limited exposure to contagious disease.

Regarding fear and distress, the wild wolf would usually move in a pack, and have more eyes and ears than their own to consider the environment around them. They have heightened senses from living in the wild, and are strong as a pack which limits the fear and distress.

Indoor /outdoor cats can display natural behaviours, eg scratching up a tree, scent marking around its territory. This can also be achieved inside with cat scratchers and allowing the cat to rub up against furniture

The cat can leave most situations it finds discomforting eg loud noises within the home. It will also have access to being indoors out of bad weather and hopefully a comfortable space to sleep in

The cat is more susceptible to disease like giardia and coccidia as it is more likely to be exposed to still water that could be contaminated.

The cat may be put in more distressing situations like being locked in a garage by mistake, attacked by another animal, or stuck up a tree with having access to the outdoors

In the wild wolves like to live in packs, they are free to have as much exercise and room of freedom as they want. They tend to live in forests, deserts and grasslands, where there is a healthy variety of food to hunt. To really bring out their natural behaviours.

Although wolves have the freedom to do as they wish they still have threats in the wild like poison that’s been spread to kill unwanted pests. Or eat other animals who have been contaminated. wolves are not vaccinated against some of the lurking illnesses and diseases that are in the wild it lowers there chance of survival

Wolves will thrive in the wild and relay on their natural instincts to survive.

Resurch labs are highly regulated and monitored so there is going to be a basic level of care that is going to be maintained. Will it be high comfort in the best interest of the dog?? no probably not but the beagles basic needs will be met, or the lab research would be shut down.

The beagle will likely not show or be able to learn normal behaviour due to lack of human comfort and having limited or no play-based time, though as part of there regulations they would have to provide some exercise for the dog.

The would be providing proper wellness, injury and disease care so as to not interfere with their research.

I would think the dogs need to be free of fear and distress is not being met as this is not the environment that would be calming or comforting for the dog.

Freedom from pain injury, disease-

The owners should have the vaccinations/treatments up to date, because cats are free to roam as they please we can't be 100 percent sure they won't hurt themselves as the climb trees and get into tiny, cramped spaces. Doing a daily health check and checking in with them could help prevent injuries getting worse if ignored.

Freedom to express normal behavior-

The cat is able to fully express its normal behaviors as it has the freedom and space to do so. if scared it can hide outside or inside and it can get up high if it wants too.it also can be social with animals and hunt prey.

Freedom from stress and distress-

The cat has the ability to remove itself from situations it feels stressed in or threatened.it can remove itself and doesn't feel trapped and uncomfortable by climbing high up a tree or hiding in the garden etc,. The only thing is the cat might be worried to come back so just checking in through out the day on the cat would help.

the beagle isnt going to be able to express normal Behavior there for the Freedom to Express Normal Behavior is being broken along side Freedom from Fear and Distress no dog or animal likes premantily being in a cage its there choice if they do but the beagle is being kept for research purposes therefore cannot express those freedoms id like to hope they are provding fresh water at all times and a blanced diet but they may also not be so there is the risk of Freedom from hunger and thirst (food and water) All animals need clean water and a well-balanced, healthy diet not being meet as well

a wolf in it's natural habitat

A wolf in the wild has the freedom of complete, unlimited exercise and run. It is provided every opportunity to display it's natural behaviour.

In the wild, a wolf cannot hide from it's discomfort. Unfortunately if it were to contract a condition like arthritis, or even just come to a point where it's fur is matted and tight, there is no adequate animal care to support and aid the wolf.

Due to the wild being such a dirty place, and wolves typically not ever being vaccinated, unfortunately they are a lot more susceptible to illness, disease and injury than your average, every-day cats and dogs who generally are kept upto date with their immunisations. Given the circumstances, this does mean an unwell wolf is left to suffer with any illness it has contracted.

The good thing about a wolf living in the wild is they have complete freedom to escape unwanted situations and run as far as necessary. And while fighting back is frowned upon within other animals of the animal kingdom (including our own cats and dogs) it is a survival mechanism in the wild for wolves. They can often react this way as a result of fear or distress.

As long as the cat has access to the house as it needs where it has somewhere safe and comfortable to sleep as well as food and water its freedoms are met. This is assuming the owner keeps up with regular flea and worming due to the cat being outside often and potentially hunting, increasing its likely hood of having these parasites

A hospitalized dog isn't going to be able to have the freedoms of normal behavior and likely not pain free either. However the whole point of it being in hospital is so that we can work on have the dog back to those five freedoms as best we can once the dog has been discharged and is as healthy as can be after

The beagle does not have the freedom for fear and distress as it will continuously have people surrounding it and running test on it thus causing the dog to become distressed. The beagle will also not have the freedom to express its normal behavior as it will be kept in a confined space where it will not have the freedom to move around naturally as well as not having stimuli in its environment to keep it active.

The dog also wont be able to have the freedom from pain injury as the animal might be having medical test run on it causing the dog pain and discomfort in doing so.

A wolf in its natural habitat

The wolf has all of the freedom to do everything it would for its natural behaviour. It also has the freedom to get away from any fear or distress as it has free roam to run and hide anywhere. The wolf also has some freedom from discomfort as it is able to go and find comfort itself, such as a safe place to sleep and out of any weather that may cause discomfort such as finding somewhere shady away from the sun or undercover such as a tree or cave or anything else that may shelter from rain and colder weather but does not have the freedom from pain and injury, as in the wild there is no care for the particular animal as you would with a companion pet. Therefor they are left to suffer any injuries or diseases that they may contract.

The cat with an indoor/outdoor lifestyle is being given an opportunity to be able display its normal patterns of behaviour example: being able to hunt as well as being able to go indoors and outdoors whenever it wants. As long as the cat is being given a fresh clean bowl of water everyday and is being feed it’s required amount. The cat is being provided adequate shelter (indoors) which with a cat door it would be able to go indoors and outdoors.

An indoor/outdoor cat.

The five freedoms can all be met well in this situation. Normal behaviour can be met if the cat is free to roam between indoor and outdoor at all times of the day and night, as most cats tend to sleep and lounge around in the sun during the day and are active and practice hunting at night and at dawn and dusk. However, injury and disease can be a high risk if the cat is allowed to be outside at night, if the cat comes into contact with neighbouring cats, dogs or wild animals, and if the cat has a tendency to roam and pick fights, then there is a danger of the cat becoming seriously injured and/or contracting a disease. A cat allowed outdoors at all times near a busy street could also result in serious injury from cars. The cat would have to be shut inside during nighttime hours to prevent this, which can be a challenge if the cat likes to wander while outside, then it's up to the owner to call the cat or bribe the cat with a favourite treat or toy to come indoors.

Charmian Stancliff

Beagle in a lab - This beagle is not free to express normal behaviour, free from fear/distress or discomfort. Because they are locked in cages they cannot socialise as a normal dog would with people or other animals, they cannot move about freely or go out to the toilet when they need. They will be living in fear and discomfort because of having testing being done on them, being locked in cages where they have no room to move about and having no socialisation.

A dog with a medical condition that has been hospitalized for two weeks

Normal behaviour-The dog wont have the same freedom as it does at home to roam and to play when ever it wants. It wont have the freedom to use the toliet outside, and freedom to have interaction with family or other animals.

Freedom from discomfort- The dog will have some form of discomfort from the medical condition/ disease, The clinic will make sure its on the right medication for pain and make it as comfortable as possible.

Freedom from fear and distress- Being away from its family with new unfamiliar sounds and smells in a new enviroment will be distressing for the dog.

Lab Beagle- is not a normal way for this species of dog to express normal behaviour. The reasons for this are as follows; a Lab beagle is not able to toilet, socialise and move about as freely as a domesticated Beagle would. The animal would feel uncomfortable living in these types of housing conditions. They may be living with medical conditions due to the lab testing. And this type of environment causes not only physical but mental illnesses to this dog. This brings us to the last issues fear and distress. The lad beagle will be living in fear from unknown noises, testing and feel isolated.

Freedom from discomfort- most likely this animal will be in some discomfort as it cannot move itself around as it wants depending on what the animal is having weather it is attached to a IV line or it has a cast on it will feel some discomfort. This can be relieved by doing stuff such as taking the dog for a short walk to get them out or rearranging the cage/ kennel for them.

Freedom from pain injury or disease - The dog is already in the best and safest place it could be for this. Generally, any pain or injury or disease a pain relief would be given to take this away from the dog and help to settle it. This pain can away be eliminated.

Freedom to express normal behaviors- the dog will not be able to express its normal behaviors as it may be strictly cage rest. To help with this a toy can be given either from the clinic or from home as this may make the dog feel calmer.

Freedom from fear and distress - Being at the vet can be very scary and distressing for a dog i see it a lot at worm generally they don't like being in the cage or being along so we will get someone to sit with them and give them some pats and they will generally calm down. Otherwise, if they are too scared, we will dim the lights and lower our voices and put a towel over the front of the cage to provide some darkness, so they feel as though theya re hiding and feel a bit safer.

A dog with a medical condition hospitalized for two weeks

Normal behaviour: It may not be able to get out to use the toilet as necessary or interact with people or other pets as it usually would. It may not be used to being caged the same way as it would be in a hospital situation.

Freedom from discomfort: This animal will feel some discomfort from its medical condition and the treatments it may be needing to receive.

Freedom from pain, injury or disease: The treatments it requires may cause pain, the illness or disease may also cause pain. It wont be further injured or get a new disease while in clinic.

Freedom from fear or distress: It would be quite distressing to be away from owners and in a new environment, with different sights, sounds and smells.

A Wild Wolf In Its Natural Habitat

Looking this you see the wolf in absolute freedom, they are free to roam anywhere at any time they can act normal.

But these animals can contract diseases as we don't vaccinate them its not done, they can become injured and can suffer a long painful death as a human can not see it in time like pet dogs where we can treat them straight away and provide pain relief but I do know that wolves don't know any different they are living the life they were made for.

When a cat is inside your home, it's easy to meet the requirements for the 5 freedoms, as these are all in your control and you can provide whatever is needed for the cat as you see it.

The need for food and water will always be provided for as you have given it a food and water bowl so it has freedom to not be hungry or thirsty.

The cat is free from discomfort, as it has a house to roam around and therefore shelter from extreme temperatures. It can choose where it would like to be depending on how it is feeling.

The cat is free from pain/injury/disease while it is in your house, because you've given it a safe environment where it can't hurt itself and if it does, you'll be able to tend to it or take it to a vet.

The cat has somewhat freedom to express natural behavior and if you have other cats its more likely to be expressing natural behavir as it is in a group

Lab Beagle

A Beagle which is kept in a lab isn't able to express normal dog behaviour because they aren't allowed outside or to socialise. they are isolated from everything and only used to be taken out of there to be tested on then put back in there cage. They will also show discomfort because they are kept in small cages were they can't stretch out and run around like a normal Beagle should be able to causing them to get sore. They will also show discomfort depending on the type of testing that is happening on them. A lab Beagle can also have pain, injury, disease. This is because the type of testing that is happening on them can cause a reaction like swelling, skin irritations and weeping sores. They can also get diseases from non correct nutrition and feeding for that dogs needs. They might also get sores and rubs from their living way in cages. A lab beagle will have fear and distress of people because they will start to relate the testing and pain of it too people.It will be a stressful life for a beagle as they are taken in and out of a cage to be tested.

Kayla Searle

A wild wolf in its natural habitat

 1. Normal behaviour

A wolf in the wild will have good natural behaviour because he will have good stimulation in his natural habitat.

2. Discomfort

A wolf in the wild will probably be in many discomforts due to having no access to health care.

 3. Pain, injury or disease

A wolf has to go through a lot to get food each day, maybe even fighting for food, so the wolf will have a lot of pain and injury to cope with daily.

 4. Fear and distress

A wolf will have to deal with fear and distress each day when hunting for food because he will have to be careful looking out for predators.

Wild wolf in its natural habitat

The freedom to express its natural behaviour: A wolf in the wild is completely free to express its natural behaviour as it has evolved for its environment.

Discomfort: wolves are well adapted to their environments, they have evolved thick coats during the winter and are able to find their own shelter, they do meet their own freedom in this way.

Pain, injury or disease: as undomesticated animals in the wild, there is not a lot that can be helped when a wolf suffers pain, injury or disease. This freedom can't be met.

Fear and distress: A wild wolf would have evolved to learn how to limit fear and distress in its natural behaviour (avoiding conflict, keeping to its own territories etc). However wolves are often hunted by humans (For conservation, meat) and this can obviously cause high fear and distress as cited here: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2435.12354

An indoor/outdoor cat:

Freedom from discomfort: The cat shouldn't be in any discomfort if it is living at home as it should be relaxed in its environment and not feel on edge.

Freedom of pain injury or disease: The cat should be in good health as you can use the daily check ins to see if the cat is in any pain. As well as keeping up with vaccinations and worming/flea treatments by going to the vets.

Freedom to express normal behaviour: The cat should be comfortable and be able to display its normal behaviour if its in a loving and relaxed environment. As well as the cat is also an outdoor cat, it gets to explore and be outside in its natural habitat.

Freedom of fear and destress: If coming from a loving and caring home that looks after its pets the cat shouldn't display any signs of fear or distress. Unless coming into contact with maybe another animal that they come across outside.

It can be easy to provide your cat with the 5 freedoms inside your home this includes making sure the have fresh water and food, a clean and warm space for them to sleep making sure they have their own toys and scratching post so they are able to show off their normal behaviours, giving them a safe environment to live in free of any harm or stress and you can keep a close eye on them for any signs of pain injury or disease.

All of this changes when they are allowed outdoors because they are out of sight a lot of the time and this is where it can be difficult to make sure all the 5 freedoms are followed, you can teach your cat to have a collar with a bell on it which can help with protecting them and you can install a cat door to allow your cat to easily come and go as they please in their safe environment within the home during the day.

Cat owners should keep them inside during the evenings (dusk till dawn) to prevent any harm to the cat during the night.

A dog with a medical condition

Freedom from pain, injury and disease: the dog is in the correct place. The hospital will be providing the dog with some pain relief and working towards getting him feeling better. He is free from pain and disease as best as we can without causing more pain etc. The vet will also be a contained area where he will be supervised and areas sanitized to be free from further diseases. He should be up to date with all vaccinations and if not hes in the right place to receive them

Freedom from discomfort: this can be difficult while the dog is hospitalized because he may need to stay in a certain position (such as broken leg or twisted stomach) which can cause him some discomfort but might be what is needed to keep him from worsening.

Freedom to express natural behavior: He isn't really capable of doing so but if the staff take him outside for fresh air and a stretch and he can go for a walk it gives him back some of this freedom. if he is not in a position where he can walk, then the staff could find a way to be able to take him outdoors, or give him some toys to play with to keep him entertained.

Freedom from fear and distress: if the dog is used to the vets he may be free from this already but if he is not, then having the staff get to know him on his terms could be great to get him to calm down and realize he is in a safe space with people helping him. giving him his own space and working around his terms can benefit him to not be scared or distressed about his situation. Giving him a comfort item from home such as his favorite blanket or toy or his owners shirt will help him feel more peace.

A wolf in the wild is going to naturally exhibit normal behaviour. Obviously being in it's natural environment it will be exposed to danger and therefore potential injury, disease, discomfort, pain, fear and distress. However I think fear and distress will be a lot less for a wolf in it's natural environment than an unnatural one.

I believe that a beagle living in a laboratory environment will struggle to express natural behaviour. Living indoors full-time will play a part in this, as well as the dog living in a potentially small space.

Due to research purposes, freedom from pain, injury or discomfort is not likely to be met. Conducting research on animals is unfair and can cause pain and distress for the animal.

The beagle will also be living in discomfort, not only from the research but also from having to live in an unnatural environment.

When I think of a cat living both in doors and outdoors I believe that theoretically all of their 5 freedoms should be meet.

Food and water: since we already know that the cats food and water needs are already meet we don't need to worry about this. Seeing that the cat has the ability to go outside when they want, it will have the opportunity to hunt for its own food. This ability would mean that if for some reason the cats food requirements were not met inside then it would be able to meet that outside.

Freedom from discomfort: allowing the cat to live both indoors and outdoors means it has the right to come and go as it pleases. If the cat is feeling stressed by what is going on inside the house ie. visitors that it has never meet, it can go outside where it can find somewhere to climb up and hide. But if there was to be an issue outside like let's say another cat then the cat will be able to come inside away from the "threat" and it would feel a lot safer.

Generally most house holds stay up to date with the requirements of a cat. So on that assumption I think it would be safe to say that all the cats needs (vaccinations, worm and flea treatments, dental, ear and nail care would be up to date). Being that the cat is allowed to go outside, if the owners didn't provide some sort of cat scratcher than the cat would have the ability to use surrounding items like trees and logs to stretch out their nails and shorten them.

Giving the cat the ability to move inside and out gives it the ability to be a cat, thus allowing it freedom to express normal behaviour. It can play in the garden, hunt birds, roll in dirt, climb trees. But it can come inside and relax, sleep on beds, have cuddles with humans etc...

I sort of mentioned freedom from fear earlier within freedom of discomfort but the cat being allowed to come and go means it can escape its problems when they arise.

An indoor/outdoor cat i.e. the usual way NZ cats are kept

FOR RESPONSIBLE PET OWNER:

Hunger and Thirst

Met if being fed regularly with proper diet.

Discomfort

Met if given proper care and shelter

Pain Injury or Disease

Can be avoided through proper exercise.

Normal Behaviour

Met if given regular health checks so they can perform and be well.

Fear and Distress

Met if given much love by pet owners.

Buemi Ondoy

A dog with a medical condition that is hospitalized for two weeks

Hunger and Thirst:

I'm sure if the institution is providing this basic need.

Discomfort:

The dog will not be free from discomfort if it's still continuing to recover from the medical condition, unless being attended right away when needed.

Pain Injury or Disease

The dog will not be free from discomfort if it's still continuing to recover from the medical condition, unless being attended right away when needed.

Normal Behaviour

The dog can freely express normal behaviour but due to its circumstance it may be hard to manifest this. Once it gets better than just maybe.

Fear and Distress

If the dog's medical condition was given attention right away and didn't give trauma then there is a possibility of less fear and distress, but if not then its the other way around.

Buemi Ondoy

A wild wolf in its natural habitat

Hunger and Thirst :

A wolf on its natural habitat may or may not have enough food or water depending on its resources. But in my opinion, mostly they tend to be able to feed themselves as long as they continue to hunt.

Discomfort:

They may or may not have freedom from discomfort as it will also depend on the environment they are in. But since they are also free to roam, discomfort might not be a big issue.

Pain Injury or Disease:

Since they are out in the wild they might be prone from injury as they can freely do activities that might cause injury. Unless they are used to this that they can carry themselves avoiding any harm. Disease can be common as they are exposed to heaps of pathogens for the wild is too huge for them.

Normal Behaviour:

Definitely, as animals have their own behaviour, I guess. And being on its own habitat there will be no limitations.

Fear and Distress

Fear can be common as they are out in the open, there are other animals around scavenging and living their lives which may trigger fear or distress as they have different way of living.

Buemi Ondoy

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes :

Hunger and Thirst : Beagle in this institutions are basically fed to keep them alive which is a good thing. But to think of for research purposes only makes it very cruel and inhumane as well.

Discomfort : These dogs encounter discomfort as they are caged and controlled. In the other hand they might put them in comfort for research results to be more accurate.

Injury and Disease : This research may lead to injury as its not the dog's home. It may lead to disfunction leading to injury. In the other hand, they might have to let the dogs do exercises too.

Express Normal Behaviour : The beagle can't express it's normal behaviour as they are being monitored and still controlled. They have to follow the protocol of the research. - Welfare not met

Fear and Distress : As mentioned above it will all lead to fear and distress.

BUT above all these, these labs make sure that these dogs are given food, shelter and exercise to keep up for the research process. Hoping these Beagle are given love despite just being the subject of research.

Buemi Ondoy

The dog being treated in hospital will not be able to exhibit its normal behaviour, taking into acount they are hospitalised for 2 weeks so assuming the injury or sickness is serious enough to have to keep them in for that long. It can be assumed, that the dog will be kept in a cage to help with recovery. Depending on the medical condition, to help the dog act more normally, it could be taken for a walk or given some mentally stimulating toys as sniffing is a key behaviour of dogs.

Being hospitalised, the dog will already be being treated for pain, injury or disease. If the cause of the hospitalisation is unclear, the vets and nurses would be using care while handling the animal to minimise pain or administer pain relief if it is needed. This would also lead into freedom of discomfort, as the vets and nurses would or should be making sure the environment the dog is kept in will reduce discomfort to the animal. This can relate to the size of the cage, the bedding, pain management etc.

The dog is very likely to be feeling fear and distress being in an unfamiliar environment and being treated by strangers. In this instance allowing the owners to visit, or for the dog to be given something familiar from home (bed/blanket/toy) would help relieve some stress and fear. Ideally the dog could be in a separate room from other recovering animals, as being close to other animals exhibiting stress can affect the dog. However, this is not always possible, so turning lights off, or covering their cage with a towel or blanket can be calming.

For an average indoor/outdoor cat living domestically in an NZ household most if not all of the five freedoms can be met.

Normal Behaviour can be met by allowing the cat to have the ability to roam freely indoors and outdoors.

Freedom from discomfort can be met by giving the cat the appropriate environment to live in. This is providing the right shelter, bedding, hiding spaces, and spaces to sit high.

Freedom from pain, injury and disease can be maintained through regular check-ups from the owner and veterinary clinics. Ensuring the cat is vaccinated, fleed and wormed.

Freedom from fear and distress can be met by learning the temperament of a cat and allowing it time to itself and hiding spaces if it is skittish. Ensuring the mental well-being of the animal is considered and catered for will prevent fear and distress.

Libby Houghton

situation - a domestic, indoor/outdoor cat in New Zealand

freedom of hunger and thirst - A domestic cat in New Zealand will have owners feeding and watering them as needed, this can interfere with freedom of hunger and thirst as they don't have those natural drives for food and water as they would out in the wild. Unfortunately its not the case with all domestic cats, some are over fed, causing obesity which can compromise their health, which could fall under freedom of pain / disease as cats may get diabetes or pain in their bones and joints as their bodies aren't designed to carry around an excessive amount of weight for their size. Some are underfed, some cases are as severe as malnourished, this will also compromise their health as their bodies will be weak and not healthy enough to fight against foreign viruses and bacteria, making them susceptible to disease. Also, in this case where their owner isn't educated enough to know how to properly care and feed a cat, I would think you'd find these cats aren't vaccinated against appropriate diseases which would also fall under freedom of pain / disease.

Domestic cats in busy townships and cities won't always have the freedom to go out into their neighbourhood and hunt, play, mate therefore it is a contrast of what cats are naturally like and doesn't meet with the freedom to express normal behaviour as sometimes it's not safe for them to go outside unsupervised. But on the contrary, cats that have the freedom to go outside and express normal behaviour of playing, fighting, mating and hunting have a higher risk of contracting feline diseases that they may have or may not have been vaccinated for.

Being in a hospital is very limiting to any form of normal behavior, being in a hospital implies that normal behavior has to seize for a set amount of time to fix any health issues and have additional time to heal before resuming normal life. This will come with a set amount of discomfort, but the staff will do what they can to make it as comfortable as possible. The reason the dog is in the hospital would be concerning an injury incurred or a disease affecting the dog. Medication and medical instruments and equipment will be used to minimize any pain or to immobilize any injuries. A time like this always comes with an elevated level of stress

The usual way NZ cats are kept is to encourage them to follow their normal behavior. they are free to roam and patrol their territory, since these are domesticated vats and not wild cats, normal behavior varies from breed to breed. They live a very comfortable life having the opportunity to seek shelter when needed and most cats have open doors to most of the house. Living a free life as such can read to disease since they are more exposed to wild animals and other cats that might be affected. A good pet owner will stay on top of any issues that arise regarding health issues. Fear in distress will come up in a cat's life, but once again, most cats can remove themselves from situations they are not comfortable in.

Situation 4 - A dog with a medical condition that is hospitalized for two weeks.

The staff will be trying to ensure the dog is free from discomfort, pain, injury, or disease but at this moment in time the animal does not have these freedoms.

The animal may also struggle to express normal behaviour but it should be given all reasonable efforts - space to lie down comfortably, exercise if at all possible, along with socialising. The dogs medical condition may hinder this e.g. movement may be challenging.

The dog is most likely distressed. It is away from home and it's owners in an unfamiliar environment. There are potentially many machines, people, tests, that it is not used to and a routine that differs from it's norm.

Given the wolf is in its natural habitat, all its needs will have to be fulfilled by the animal itself. All factors can vary from animal to animal. The only freedom it has guaranteed is freedom of normal behavior.

The beagle is highly active and a keen sniffer. locking him in a cage will not allow the dog to follow his normal behavior since he is stuck in a cage. This also leads to the discomfort of being locked up for most of the dog's lifetime. Another effect of being caged can be a direct influence on the dog's immune system causing disease and health issues that can lead to pain. The overall feeling of the dog would be anxiety and stress.

Indoor/outdoor cats while having the freedom to exhibit normal behaviors like hunting and scratching, it brings along the risk of wounds and infections from other cats they may have fought with. there are many contagious diseases that can cause the cat pain and discomfort so it is best to keep vaccinations up to date, microchip them and potentially keep the cat indoors during the night to lower the risk of catfights/ dogfights.

also always provide a warm bed, fresh clean water, and a balanced diet to keep the cat healthy and happy

I agree that an Indoor/Outdoor cat the usual way NZ cats are kept meet the four freedoms. Access for the cat to freely choose to be outdoors or indoors allows them to express natural behaviours such as maintaining their claws on tree's, having the ability to hunt and toilet in private. While being able to come inside as they please, also relates to the freedoms of discomfort, pain, injury or disease and fear or distress as it provides a warm, safe place for the cat to go too when they need shelter, to hide from predetors or return if they are ill or injured for treatment from their owner.

-holly

A dog hospitalized with a medical condition for two weeks.

1. Freedom to express normal behavior:

Since the dog is being hospitalized for two weeks in a Clinic, he will be staying in his cage for majority of his stay. Dependent on his medical condition and if the clinic has an outdoor yard for the dogs to sniff and explore, they could potentially use this to meet the minimum requirement.

2. Freedom from discomfort:

Again, with the dog being stuck in a cage for majority of his visit, this requirement could be met to a minimum. Provided a warm soft blanket, a cage where the dog can lie down, stand up and turn around.

Dependent on the dog's medical condition, he could be taken around the clinic for walks to stretch his legs.

3. Freedom from pain, injury or disease:

This freedom can be met as the vets would have prescribed pain relief and other medications that the dog needs during his stay. Pain relief will also be prescribed to the dog if needed once back at home.

4. Freedom from fear and distress:

This freedom can be met by using correct handling techniques when dealing with the dog. Speaking in a soft voice, no sudden movements or loud noise. This freedom can be met again by the owner bringing something from home, be it his favourite toy or owners' shirt. A familiar smell will help the dog be calm.

Beagles in research facilities,

nutrition- A beagles basic nutritional needs are met and they are provided with adequate water and clean cages.

Normal behavior-These dogs don't have the freedom to express normal behavior's such as to run, jump, play and to stretch their limbs due to the confides of the cage. physical health is important to reduce behavioral issues. there is no evidence to suggest there is any enrichments to help reduce mental suffering.

Discomfort- these dogs are exposed to high stress and uncomfortable tests which can be painful, they are usually in cages that don't provide a comfortable bed where they can sleep, their environment is bright with high noise levels.

Fear and distress- there's nowhere for these dogs to go to hide or feel safe in their environment, a lot of these dogs are fearful and mentally suffering.

pain injury or disease, beagles are used for research purposes these dogs are subjected to pain, injury and disease by force feeding, injecting and other tests some causing disease.

An indoor/outdoor cat

- The freedom to express normal behavior

At the minimum, this cat has access to the outdoors, where they can express natural behaviors such as claw conditioning, climbing, sunbathing, and hunting. The cat's owner can also enrich their indoor environment with things like scratching posts and toys.

- Freedom from discomfort

This cat has access to a house that is- hopefully, warm and dry. which eliminates the discomfort of being wet and cold. Houses also have a variety of comfortable spots to lay down, be it a cat bed, couch or chair, or bed.

- Freedom from pain, injury or disease

Unfortunately, not all pet owners are vigilant in ensuring their cat is healthy. Ideally, though, this cat will be getting annual checkups at the vet and some form of daily health checks from their owner. Access outside also raises some complications, such as getting parasites from wild animals, getting run over by traffic, and getting into fights with other cats. But, having an attentive owner reduces these risks significantly.

- Freedom from fear and distress

Cats feel safest when they are up high. seeing as this cat can roam freely, they can climb up high if they feel unsafe or distressed.

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes:

Normal behaviour:

A beagle in a laboratory setting is not able to display normal dog behaviour as their environment is different to that of a normal dog. This means that likely the dog isn't able to socialise with other dogs as often, they can't run and play or entertain themselves. Likely all of their activity is monitored and limited. Environments may also be altered to get a specific reaction out of the dog whereas normally that would not be the case. These freedoms can be met by allowing the dog sufficient time to carry out these behaviours in order to stimulate them. Allowing dogs to express these normal behaviours is invaluable to their mental and physical health and should be prioritised over the study that is being done. It would also benefit the researches if their dog was healthy and happy, as their results would be more accurate with less variables. Allowing these dogs to carry out these behaviours would mean that the laboratory should provide runs, spacious living quarters for all animals, allow them adequit socilization (possibly by having an outdoor area and allowing the dogs to interact for a chunk of the day) and ensuring they have plenty of outlets for unwanted behaviour that is healthy for the dog such as toys.(relatively inexpensive and provide the dog with an outlet for desctrutvie behaviours that entertain them)

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes.

There are some questions I would raise such as, how big is the dogs' cages? Do the dogs get exercise? Do the dogs interact and socialize with other dogs? As this supports a healthy k9, s wellbeing.

Yes, the dog would get adequate food and water.

One thing I would be sure of, is that the dog will be lacking love, cuddles, rubs and been played with by a loving owner.

A dog hospitalized for two weeks with a medical condition.

The four freedoms can not be entirely met during the two weeks of hospitalization but they can be provided to some degree.

Freedom from discomfort and Freedom from Pain/distress can be met by giving pain relief and assisting the dog when moving if it is required. In a clinical setting we are able to manage pain and discomfort through medication and providing a safe environment during the dogs stay.

Freedom from fear and distress can be met by providing as best of an environment as possible and taking precautions to not further distress the dog further than it already is.

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes.

Freedom from discomfort: Most beagles in this situation will be kept in small cages so that the researchers can monitor them, they will often be sterile so will have no comforting items such as toys or blankets. To make it slightly better for them, they could be housed in bigger areas with things of comfort but that wouldn't always be possible if things needed to be kept sterile.

Freedom from pain, injury and disease: Since the beagle can't tell the researcher how they are feeling they won't know if the dog is in pain due to a side effect. Testing on a live animal is not right, as they cannot have their say. Only way to fix this is stop animal testing.

Freedom to express normal behaviour: the beagle would be highly unlikely to be able to enjoy being a dog since he will be trapped in a laboratory setting all the time.

Freedom from fear and distress: The beagle may fear and become distressed when the researchers are around as it will associate them with discomfort, possible pain, and stress.

Honestly the only way to improve the freedoms in this situation is to stop animal testing. It's not fair on the animals.

Hannah Sutherland.

This hospitalised dogs five acts of freedom cannot be fully met or adequately met.

Normal Behaviour - The dog cannot display normal behaviour to a certain extent because they are hospitalised implying that they will be living within a small cage limiting them. Depending on the particular veterinary clinic they might not have excess space to move around in especially if they have undergone surgery which restricts their normal movements. The environment of being in a physically small space could be stressful and unusual to the dog as a whole sparking unusual behaviours such as excessive barking or whining either from stress or the pain. The normal behaviours such as barking, running around the backyard playing with their toys cannot be carried out mainly because of the medical situation but also as I have mentioned about the confined living spaces.

Discomfort - as nurses we can try our best to make the dog as comfortable as we can during their stay by providing clean bedding, daily small walks and attention. However as the dog is not only in pain but is in an unfamiliar situation with various smells and noises as well as other animals, and environment with different bedding and cage mates beside themas well as various unfamiliar people the dog will still continue to feel elements of discomfort throughout their stay and this may not ease entirely until they return home to their regular behaviours and environment.

Fear and Distress - similarly to the discomfort the dog will be fearful and potentially distressed throughout their stay due to similar reasons as why they might be in discomfort. Further fear and distress might stem from the fact that if the dog maintains normal behaviours of constant hyperactivity or has an abundance of daily exercise they might grow. distressed in the fact that they can't just leave the cage when they want to go and run around creating fear for them and angst during their stay but as they might be in the hospital or after surgery care this cannot be avoided as for medical reasons the dog may be on bed rest.

Pain injury and disease - in terms of this act of freedom as the dog is being hospitalised and monitored cautiously by the veterinary staff we can ensure that this requirement will be almost fully met however in terms of pain as the dog can only communicate with us on a certain level we may struggle to understand how much pain they are in therefore this aspect of the act might at times struggle to be fully met.

Taylar Keene

The four freedoms can be met if the animals allowed to go in and outdoors on its own according. With the animals being able to go in not outdoors this gives animal are risk of getting injured. The cat might not have normal behaviours as a cat that lives indoors and outdoors if it is kept inside all day. Also this might give the cat some discomfort staying indoors all day as I would not be seeing any different types of animals. The cat will not be in building immunity as it would've not been experiencing outside if not allowed to go out. If the cat is kept inside this might make the cat fear as neighbouring cats might come up to the window and frighten this cat.

so I think that the indoor/outdoor cat can meet the five freedoms,

the cat can go inside and have access to fresh food and water from the owner or go outside to hunt for food which is also a display of a natural behaviour. having access to indoors and outside is good because it lets the cat be able to show normal behaviour as they can go and scratch trees etc, it also gives the cat the freedom from discomfort as the cat has the option to come inside to a warm, dry, sheltered safe house where they can also hide from predators so that can also be the freedom from fear and distress. the cat also has the freedom from pain, injury and disease as it has a owner that can give the cat daily check ups and treatments and see vets when needed.

The hospitalised dog's four acts of freedom cannot be fully met.

1) Normal behaviour - The patient cannot express normal behaviour to a degree, as they will most likely be in a cage, limiting them. Depending on why they are in there they may not be able to manoeuvre fully in the way that they would like to (ie. If they have had surgery that restricts their movements). They are physically confined in a space they maybe unfamiliar with, which could be stressful, which could case abnormal behaviours (ie. they could be barking all day when usually at home they wouldn't)

2) Discomfort - We can make the patient as comfortable as we can in a hospital. Providing them with blankets, hot water bottles, daily walks. This may satisfy some patients however not every patient.

3) Pain - An animal cannot tell us when it is in pain, or how high on the pain scale it is. The patient will be receiving pain medications that will cover what the vet believes they would need. This will ensure that they are mostly out of pain, however we cannot ask them if they if they are fully painfree.

4) Distress - The patient is not free from distress. They are in a hospital where there's loud unfamiliar sounds and smells and they do not understand why they are there and not at home. As calm as the team working can be there will still be some levels of stress present.

PB

An indoor/outdoor cat

Freedom to express normal behaviour - With the cat being provided the option to be indoor or outdoor as they please they are able to express their normal behaviour in both environments (e.g. playing with toys inside, hunting outside). As cats like to claw objects, wether it be for play or to warm down their nails, the cat can using a scratching post inside or a tree outside.

Freedom from discomfort - Allowing the cat to be indoor or outdoor gives the cat the opportunity to escape the dangers present outside (e.g. maybe a loose dog) or dangers present inside (e.g. a little child who is too loud and a little rough). The cat could be provided soft bedding to provide comfort when the cat is indoors.

Freedom from pain, injury or disease - Giving the cat with flea and worm treatment can provide them with relief from the pain as well as discomfort associated with fleas and worms. Vaccinating the cat against what's available, in addition to taking the cat for regular veterinary checks, is another way the owner can provide their pet with the freedom from disease, pain or injury.

Freedom from fear and distress - The cat should be used to both the inside and outside environment which allows the cat to escape from one environment (e.g. indoors) when something has changed and they fear it (e.g. a new pet puppy) the cat can escape to the other environment it is familiar with (e.g. outside). Another option for the owner is an object somewhat like a cat tower. This would provide the cat somewhere to hide in case of being stressed, or the option of high ground.

a wolf in its natural habitat will obviously have to work harder for its needs to be met. but I believe assuming it is an area not affected by the human population and loss of habitat I think that the freedom of natural behavior is at a higher level than it would be in captivity. this is because it is in its natural habitat with other wolves not having to adjust to human behavior and lack of understanding. I also think it is likely to be reasonably stress-free and happy for the most part as it is living the life it was intended to. the flip side of this is that food and water are never guaranteed in the wild and it is something it will have to work for every time. one thing that would make this harder is the lack of freedom to be pain-free and have medical care. in my opinion, I think there is always a balance between wild vs captive. wild animals get to be there truest selves without the worry of repercussions from humans but are at risk for starvation and health issues. whereas captive animals are always guaranteed food and water and in most cases comfort. plus the additional security of medical care, the flip side of this is they can't show natural behaviors as frequently like hunting and mating and pack order.

a indoor/ outdoor situation for a cat is very ideal as it meets all the freedoms. as long as the cat still has access to clean water and regular food. being so free also comes with its negatives though. as long as the owner keeps up to date with parasite treatments and regular vet visits it can be a very comfortable lifestyle for a cat.

An indoor, outdoor cat.

Freedom to express normal behaviours:

A cat would have easy access to the outdoors when it desires or have the ability to be let in and out as asked. There would be fresh and clean water available at all times and food given in regular intervals. Brain stimulants can be provided throughout the day, these are not as important if there is a large variety of places for the cat to go outside. The outdoors should be safe for the cat, no major roadways right next door or dogs blocking all areas that could put that cat in harm.

be sure to still check your cat on a daily bases to be sure of no injury or changes in demeanour or health issues.

The cat has access to indoors where we can assume food/water are provided as well as warmth and a comfortable place to sleep. alongside this is access to the outdoors where the cat can roam freely and is able to express normal behaviour like hunting. there is a risk of pain/injury and disease when being outside however this can be reduced by regular vet appointments provided by the owner for health/wellbeing checks, vaccinations and flea/worm treatments

A wolf living in its natural habitat in an ideal world should be able to express its normal behaviours to an acceptable level. However, things such as loss of habitat, or competition with other animals (overpopulation) could prevent the animal from being able to roam as far as it normally would or hunt as it normally would. Prevention of discomfort, pain, disease etc cannot always be met without human intervention. Programmes could be put in place to prevent widespread disease in packs of wolves, monitoring packs for injury and trap and release programs for the treatment of said injury could help fulfil this freedom. However this would need to be done in a way that limits fear and distress as much as possible.

There are advantages and disadvantages of having a cat indoors or outdoors. The indoor and outdoor cats can both meet the same requirements of the 5 freedoms. However, the cats that are going outdoors may not meet the freedom of pain, injury, and disease because they can get injured, pain and disease from places that we don't know where they go off to

A dog with a medical condition that is hospitalised for 2 weeks:

Freedom from discomfort, fear & distress: The dog will be provided with the appropriate sized cage for them to recover/rest inside where they can easily stand up and turn around in if they need to stretch their legs, because they are away from home and would be unsure of the new surroundings they could have a favourite toy/familiar smell from home with them.

Freedom from discomfort & thirst: They will have an area to sleep with the correct bedding to suit their reason for being hospitalised and fresh water available at all times.

Freedom from Pain, injury or disease: They will be provided with the correct medical attention required making sure all medication is taken correctly this is to ensure a comfortable and quick recovery.

Freedom from Hunger: They will receive a specialised diet (depending on what their surgery was for) to account for them not being able to get in their normal daily exercise and to make sure they have the correct nutrients coming through while they are recovering.

Freedom to express normal behaviour: Depending on the type of surgery they have had, they will be allowed out on a leash to be able to stretch their legs and get a small amount of exercise however it would have to suit the particular stage they are at with their recovery EG: If they are mobile or not.

Dog Being Medicated

This Dog isn’t have all of it five freedoms being meet.

First off the dog is unwell, though in saying this he has been in hospital for two weeks from him to heal and get well. This doh being unwell means that he isn’t able to express his normal behaviours as he is sick and wouldn’t be in the mood to go for a daily walk or eat all his food. He may also be in distress as he is in a strange place and doesn’t have his owners by his side. The vet team will be looking after him they best they can and will ensure that they is as comfortable as he can be by providing good bedding, offering him food and getting him pats to reassure him. All in all this dog is in the best place he can be in while being sick as they are helping him get better. He does have to put up with discomfort of being in a small cage etc, but he is provided with pain meds to get better.

An indoor/outdoor cat has its pros and cons. A cat being allowed to roam outside and inside meets several of the welfare freedoms, like freedom from discomfort as they have a place inside where they can seek shelter but the cat is also allowed to go outside and lay in the sun. However, cats that live fully indoors are estimated to live 10-15 years whereas outdoor and indoor cats live on average of 2 to 5 years as they are exsposed to more dangers than a cat living inside. https://www.insider.com/guides/pets/indoor-vs-outdoor-cat#:~:text=Indoor%20cats%20live%20much%20healthier,walk%20outside%20with%20a%20harness.

 some may agree that having an indoor and outdoor cat doesn't meet the freedom from pain,injury and disease act. In my opinion cats should be allowed to roam inside and outside to exsploe their natural insincts to reduce any pain, injury and disease its best to bring the cat inside at night and let it roam during the day. which still allows them to exspress their normal bahaviour.

As cats are able to come and go as they please and basically do what they want, there is a risk of injury if they were to get in a cat fight, have a fall or be hit by a car. Disease could be spread from a fight. Discomfort, fear and distress could also come from a fight or having another cat/animal come into their home.

Lab Beagle

The beagle will not have the five freedoms as he will be locked in little cage so he can not stand, turn around or even stretch which means he doesn't have the freedom to express normal dog behaviours of running round and playing. As well as not have the freedom from fear and destress as this situation for the beagle will be very stressful as he will be being jaded by needles and injected with who knows what. Also with the same cage that this beagle is kept in he will be very scared and frightened as he will have no where to hide or move away from the people that are coming up to him

A dog with a medical condition that has to be hospitalized for two weeks

1} The dog will be on restricted movement therefore not being able to go for long walks, however being a medical condition it maybe able to come out of its cage for a few moments at a time to stretch its legs.

2}Discomfort will be felt as the dog adjusts to its new medication and possible reactions ie a dog with epilepsy may need to be monitored to see if the medication dosage needs to be adjusted especially if seizures still occur. Therefore it will be restricted to environmental factors which may trigger the seizures. Also reactions/side effects to the medication will make the dog uncomfortable. The dog may also have an IV line in it making it uncomfortable for it to move and be painful. Reassurance is important here.

3} Pain can be managed with other medications

4} Fear and distress will a high factor to be considered as the dog will not be in his/her usual surroundings nor around his/her usual people. A blanket/toy in the cage to provide something familiar smelling can help easy the distress as well as regular check ins with staff and owners if it is in the dogs best interests ie the owner coming to visit may over stimulate the dog which would be detrimental to its well being.

Indoor VS Outdoor Cats

Both having an indoor or outdoor cat has its pros and cons; it depends on the owners and their preference. Outdoor cans have a shorted lifespan then indoor cat as Outdoor cars risk the chance of diseases and injuries. Outdoor cats get more exercises and more independent than indoor cats.

Injuries/ diseases- Outdoor cats are exposed to many different parasites and diseases. As they are constantly exploring. Outdoor cats are likely to get into fights with other animals (dogs, possums, other cats etc.) They are often hit by cars or other accidents, which can lead to death and serious injuries. This is why outdoor cats have a shorter life span than indoor cats.

Injuries/ diseases - Indoor cats are less exposed to diseases and are less likely to get injuries and pain as they are inside and away from a lot more danger than an outdoor cat. This is why the indoor lives longer.

Discomfort - Outdoor cats are less likey to be in discomfort than indoor cats, outdoor cats have their freedom to go anywhere they want, have all the chance to explore and be a cat, this is constantly good exercise for the cats, they are less likely to be bored as they are busy wondering around climbing in the trees, chasing birds. It is more mentally stimulating. They are more independents and are more likely to have a better mental health, as these beings them comfort and better health. It reduces the chance of the cat stressing.

Discomfort - Indoor cats have a high chance of discomfort. Often an indoor cat doesn't get enough exercise cause them to be less fit and increase the chance a cat will get boring leading to them getting behavior problems as they don't have the nature to keep them entertained. They become dependent on their owner to keep them stimulated. There are ways to simulate such as getting scratching post, boxes and toys. They can be more prone to be in stress and discomfort being inside a house all day.

They are animals and they are supposed to be in nature why stop them. Cats indoors wont have the excitement like a an otudoor cat.

We can assume the indoor/outdoor cat is having all of the five freedoms currently met. The freedom it has to move about wherever it pleases and do whatever it wants shows us that is able to express normal behaviour. Because the cat is able to do as she/he pleases there is no need for them to be in any form of fear or distress as well as discomfort. Due to the fact that the cat is allowed to roam outside there is a possibility that it is more susceptible to receiving an injury but as long as the owner is checking it over and taking the necessary precautions (bringing it in between dust and dawn ect) there is no reason that this freedom isn't being met.

The dog with the medical condition that needs to be hospitalized for 2 weeks will not have all the five freedoms fully met. Because he is hospitalized, we know he is not free from pain, injury or disease. He also currently doesn't have the freedom of discomfort or the freedom or fear and distress. Due to whatever medical condition he has, we know he will be in some form of discomfort and/or pain. Even though he is getting the treatment he needs, and we can assume he is also receiving pain management, we can guarantee these freedoms are fully met. Due to being hospitalized and away from his family and usual environment we can assume that he isn't free from fear and distress. The different environment will provide unusual sounds, smells and other unknown factors for the dog which may cause his to feel anxious and/or stressed. Due to the fact that this dog is unwell and hospitalized we know he currently will not be able to experience complete normal behaviour. He will be caged for majority of the days and will have certain restrictions and requirements to help ensure he gets back to optimal health. These factors contribute to him not being able to express complete normal behaviour.

Kate O'B

A dog with a medical condition that is hospitalised for two weeks

I don't believe all freedoms can be met. I do believe that there food, water and shelter would be adequate however I don't believe that it is a long term solution and needed exercise would not be achieved as well as freedom from discomfort. I know the Vet will do as much as possible to achieve this but if the dog is not recovering then other opinons need to be considered

Keeping the 5 Freedoms with an indoor/outdoor cat should be fully met.

In my experience cats will roam a lot, allowing them to come inside or be outside provides them with the freedom to express normal behaviour. as well as freedom from fear or distress as they will always have somewhere to hide or escape to in uncomfortable situations.

Allowing the cat to go outdoors may pose a risk of pain, injury or discomfort but with daily checks from the owner and regular vaccinations and flea and worm treatments this should be kept under control.

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes has no freedom from any discomfort. There are many factors contributing to this limitation.

It is not provided with any opportunity to act with its natural behaviour of running around, sniffing, stretch, etc, as it is locked in a confined space for what I would assume as long periods of time.

It does not have the freedom from fear or distress as it will continuously have someone around it, or have machines making loud noises, possibly attached to it. This would cause anyone and anything to stress, it is a stressful and fearful environment.

The dog will not have any freedom from pain or injury either, as there could be many possibiliets to what is going on in there. For example, machines hooked up to it, causing pain or injury to the animal, OR it being shoved into a corner and held there to be kept still.

Assuming the level of care for this dog is 'Average' I would assume that it is getting amounts of food and water, but in no great amounts of nutrients or energy for it.

Lab beagle

This beagle does not have freedom from discomfort even if this dog has a blanket that won't mean its comfortable being locked in a little cage, not being able to stretch, stand and walk around. this dog does not have the freedom to express normal behaviour, dogs are use to being able to run, learn and play being in a cage completely changes how this animal gets to act day to day from how it naturally would act. This dog doesn't have freedom from distress, this dog would be constantly stressed and anxious, which carries over to not having freedom from pain, injury and disease as being so stressed and anxious in turn can cause these dog's to develop mental and physical illness. this animal will most likely be receiving food and water but it may not be the most nutrient dense food for them.

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes

This scenario does not meet the five freedoms as there is risk of pain and injury as hey are tested on in laboratories with potentially harmful chemicals and products. These harmful products could potentially cause the beagle to develop a disease. The freedom normal behaviour is also not met in this scenario as the beagle is unable to move around freely and is restricted to a confined space which is not comfortable enough to live in. The beagle is unable to run around, play or do any other normal dog behaviour due to this restriction. The beagle will also be fearful and distressed because they will feel out of control, a lot of their freedoms are already restricted and their trust is being betrayed to be a test subject for a laboratory. This could continue on into the dogs future after living in a laboratory and may become aggressive towards humans due to past bad experiences.

Kaylee Renall

A beagle housed in a laboratory for research purposes:

Normal behaviour - it would be very limited to be able to act like a normal dog when it is constantly being kept in a cage, deprived of its own instincts. Beagles often have their vocal cords clipped when in laboratories to prevent howling. Even their sense of smell can become so weak. And they become frightened of virtually everything.

Cited - https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/saving-a-test-lab-dog/2021/05/28/9ab6fd86-97e6-11eb-a6d0-13d207aadb78_story.html

Discomfort, pain, injury or diseases - the beagles would be incredibly overcrowded and kept in cages/restrained for long periods of time and as they were tested, they suffered and were not given the mercy of euthanasia.

Fear and distress - Beagles are often used in the laboratories as they have a similar anatomy to humans and they are very docile dogs. Humans took advantage of their nature so the could do virtually anything to them without consequences. When/if the beagles are released and adopted, it would be very difficult for them to live a normal life when virtually anything scares them, like just the sound of a text.

Cited - https://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/nuclear-history-of-lab-beagles/

There can be a few factors that could limit or even eliminate some of the "5 freedoms" for a wolf in the wild.

Hunting, could result in injuries. Resulting in pain and discomfort.

They don't have access to preventive medicines. this in turns leads to diseases.

Their natural habitat (their homes) disappearing, their hunting grounds growing smaller. Their prey, along with their surroundings disappear. This would lead to fear and distress. This could also cause discomfort and diseases.

Being in the wild, the wolf has the ability to express their normal behavior without restriction. Doing what is natural playing, mating, fighting and hunting

Beagle

The stereotypical image of animals being used in laboratories is one of exploitation and cruelty so it is interesting to note the studies of laboratory populations of beagles, among other animals, that emphasise care should play an integral role in scientific knowledge production. These studies are largely written by the researchers themselves and other scholars (Giraud & Hollin, 2016) have been sceptical about their claims because, in the end, the scientific goals of the experiment will trump any duty of care they have to their animal subjects. Certainly, the video at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQ0GzWFrM54 paints a very different picture and while biased, if even some elements of it are accurate then laboratory beagles cannot be said to have any of the four freedoms we’re discussing here. Normal behaviour issues: caged, indoors only, stacked one on top of another, no evidence of socialisation opportunity. Discomfort: no visible bedding, hard cold surfaces, cramped cages, medical procedures causing discomfort (at a minimum and most likely pain), Pain, injury or disease: many experimental outcomes involve inflicting pain, injury and disease on test subjects in a truly cruel and vile way. Fear and distress: While the dogs may encounter the odd ‘friendly scientist’ overwhelmingly there is cause for fear of what they will be subjected to next and distress during procedures.

Hospitalised Dog

1. Normal behaviour

The dog is necessarily restricted while hospitalised and while, the nature of the medical condition is not disclosed, it is assumed that treatment requires quiet recuperation, with limited movement and exercise and frequent observation. They will not have the same access to the social and physical environments in which they would typically exhibit their normal behaviours.

2. Discomfort

Shelter should be sufficient to provide minimal discomfort in that adequate soft bedding can be provided, temperature controlled, protection from draughts, provision of shade, ventilation and so on. The concept of discomfort blurs a little with the idea of mild pain (e.g. some post-op ‘discomfort’) and mild distress (e.g. some ‘discomfort’ from unfamiliar noises) but in the sense that the dog is free from discomfort by being housed in suitable shelter with a comfortable resting area, it can be said that this freedom can be met.

3. Pain, injury or disease

It is unlikely the hospitalised dog will be free from pain although its treatment may alleviate injury or disease. It depends on what is wrong with the dog. Even if pain is expertly managed, there may be situations, for example careful follow up examinations or physio where some level of pain could be experienced. The likely confinement in a small area may act as a protective factor from incurring more pain than necessary.

4. Fear and distress

It is highly unlikely the dog will be free from fear and distress. Noise and light levels, unfamiliar and unpleasant smells, unknown people and other animals and the absence of their owners are all likely to cause distress. Disorientation following procedures and confinement are also likely causes of distress. If well-managed, hopefully the fear and distress will lessen and associations with the people around them and the environment will become more positive.

Indoor/ Outdoor Cat

A cat living in a home environment with the ability to come and go as it pleases is allowing the cat to display it's natural behaviours to the fullest. Being able to be inside or outside let's them choose in their own terms how they behave.

The freedom from pain, injury, discomfort and disease should be met by the owner. Providing regular health checks by a professional and the owner will eliminate any potential for disease or discomfort that the cat may experience.

Providing multiple warm/ high and quiet sleeping areas for the cat will help it to feel safe and secure.

If a cat has access to outside via a cat flap this should also be checked regularly to make sure it is working correctly to avoid the cat getting stuck outside in a potentially dangerous environment creating unnecessary stress.

The beagle used for research is likely not experiencing all of the five freedoms. In all likelihood, the animal is under stress and unable to exhibit natural behaviours. Smaller cages would likely be used, not allowing the animal adequate exercise or positive interaction with people or other animals. The research may involve experimental drugs, or other things that may cause adverse effects, along with the fact the animal may become distressed with any procedures.

An Indoor/Outdoor Cat

Owning a cat that is Indoor/Outdoor means it can be easy to provide your cat with the five freedoms, this could be making sure it has a warm, clean and safe space to sleep, fresh water and food, toys or a scratching post to have the ability to display natural behaviours, and providing a safe environment free from any pain, distress or disease(being an indoor cat it would be easier to check for these things)

Outside of your home your cat is easily able to display natural climbing, stalking, playing behaviours.

To try and prevent any possible harm occurring to the cat being outdoors, it is important to have the ability for the cat to come in and out of their safe environment if needed, and cat owners should preferably keep their cat indoors during the night period.

Lab Beagle

Normal Behavior-Typically the Beagle breed are natural hunters of small prey. They are a type of hound which is known for running and hunting. It is also stated the the beagle is a pack dog. Knowing these traits of the breed, the limitations of being bound by the walls of a lab, would not allow for normal behavior. I am also assuming this dog is not in a pack and is in the lab, isolated from other dogs. Without knowing details of the lab and their day-to-day interactions with the Beagle, I can only make assumptions that the dog would have limited freedom to roam and hunt on a daily basis. (Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc., 2020 'Beagle at a Glance', Hill's Pet, https://www.hillspet.co.nz/dog-care/dog-breeds/beagle#:~:text=The%20beagle%20is%20best%20known,today%20are%20lovable%20house%20pets.)

Fear & Distress-Again, without knowing the details of the lab work, we can only assume the dog is in a minor state of fear or anxiety. The dog is potentially being used for testing, experiments, medications etc. This may cause the animal to be stressed and fearful during certain periods throughout their daily life.

Having a house/outdoor cat.

5 freedom roles can be easy applied to a house/outdoor cat.

Providing a clean and fresh water bowl.

providing healthily and the right quantity food.

daily checking your cat for any signs of pain or injury.

showing your cat affection and love makes them comfortable.

Also allowing the cat to roam freely inside and outside.

Refering to the beagle in the lab. This is not accepted within the five freedoms. The dog needs to be able to run around play and be free. As said FREEDOM FROM DISCOMFORT. This wouldn't be a healthy lifestyle for any animal.